References
- 1. Lierz, M., Korbel, R. (2012). Anesthesia and analgesia in birds. J Exot Pet Med. 21(1): 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.00810.1053/j.jepm.2011.11.008
- 2. Lichtenberger, M. (2007). Shock and cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation in small mammals and birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 10(2): 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2007.02.00110.1016/j.cvex.2007.02.001
- 3. Zehnder, A.M., Hawkins, M.G., Pascoe, P.J. (2014). Avian anatomy and physiology. In: G. West, D. Heard, N. Caulket (Eds.), Zoo animal and wild life immobilisation and anesthesia (pp. 389-398). New York: Wiley-Blackwell https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118792919.ch2310.1002/9781118792919.ch23
- 4. Palmer, D. (2019). Veterinary Therapeutics. In: M. Tighe, M. Brown (Eds.), Mosby’s comprehensive review for veterinary technicians. Part 3 (p. 419). Amsterdam: Elsevier
- 5. Duke-Novakovski, T. (2015). Ten intravenous anesthetic induction drugs. Quest Answers Small Anim Anesth. 73. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118912997.ch1010.1002/9781118912997.ch10
- 6. Child, K.J., Currie, J.P., Davis, B., Dodds, M.G., Pearce, D.R., Twissell, D.J. (1971). The pharmacological properties in animals of CT1341-a new steroid anaesthetic agent. BJA Br J Anaesth. 43(1): 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/43.1.2-a10.1093/bja/43.1.2-a
- 7. Brewster, M.E., Estes, K.S., Bodor, N. (1990). An intravenous toxicity study of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a useful drug solubilizer, in rats and monkeys. Int J Pharm. 59(3): 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(90)90114-J10.1016/0378-5173(90)90114-J
- 8. Green, C.J., Knight, J., Precious, S., Simpkin, S. (1981). Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience. Lab Anim. 15(2): 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1258/00236778178095910710.1258/002367781780959107
- 9. Elowni, E.E., Sanhouri, A.A., Dafalla, R.A., Makky, E.A.M., Aldood, M.E., Yassin, M.A. (2019). Evaluation of ketamine as a general anesthetic for domestic fowl chicks. Sudan Journal of Science and Technology 20(2): 22–26. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.110646310.4236/oalib.1106463
- 10. Makky, E.A.M., Aldood, M.E., Dafalla, R.A.H. (2017). Administration of ketamine hydrochloride as general anesthesia in domestic fowl. Sudan University of Science and Technology. http://repository.sustech.edu/handle/123456789/23914
- 11. Samour, J.H., Jones, D.M., Knight, J.A., Howlett, J.C. (1984). Comparative studies of the use of some injectable anaesthetic agents in birds. Vet Rec. 115(1): 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.115.1.610.1136/vr.115.1.6
- 12. Gessner, P.K. (1995). Isobolographic analysis of interactions: an update on applications and utility. Toxicology 105(2-3): 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(95)03210-710.1016/0300-483X(95)03210-7
- 13. Dixon, W.J. (1980). Efficient analysis of experimental observations. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 20(1): 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.20.040180.00230110.1146/annurev.pa.20.040180.002301
- 14. Naser, A.S., Amin, Y.M. (2019). Analgesic effect of silymarin in chicks. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 33(2): 273-276. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2019.16290610.33899/ijvs.2019.162906
- 15. Naser, A.S., Albadrany, Y., Shaaban, K.A. (2020). Isobolographic analysis of analgesic interactions of silymarin with ketamine in mice. J Hell Vet Med Soc. 71(2): 2171-2178. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.2365310.12681/jhvms.23653
- 16. Alatrushi, A.N., Naser, A.S. (2021). Evaluation of the anesthetic action of alfaxalone in chicks and compared with alfaxalone/ketamine or alfaxalone/ xylazine. Egypt J Vet Sci. 52(2): 221-228. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejvs.2021.60507.121510.21608/ejvs.2021.60507.1215
- 17. Gupta, P.K. (2016). Fundamentals of toxicology: essential concepts and applications. (pp. 22–41). Academic Press. Amsterdam: Elsevier
- 18. Naser, A.S., Mohammad, F.K. (2014). Central depressant effects and toxicity of propofol in chicks. Toxicol Reports. 1, 562-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.00310.1016/j.toxrep.2014.08.003
- 19. Tallarida, R.J. (1992). Statistical analysis of drug combinations for synergism. Pain 49(1): 93-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90193-F10.1016/0304-3959(92)90193-F
- 20. Puig, M.M., Warner, W., Pol, O. (2000). Intestinal inflammation and morphine tolerance alter the interaction between mor phine and clonidine on gastrointestinal transit in mice. J Am Soc Anesthesiol. 93(1): 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200007000-0003310.1097/00000542-200007000-0003310861166
- 21. Naser, A.S., Mohammad, F.K. (2014). Isobolographic analysis of sedative and hypnotic interactions of propofol with ketamine and xylazine in chicks. Hum Vet Med. 6(2): 56-60.
- 22. Punch, P.I.P. (2001). A retrospective study of the success of medical and surgical treatment of wild Australian raptors. Aust Vet J. 79(11): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10890.x10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10890.x
- 23. Smith, S., Rodriguez-Barbon, A. (2008). Waterfowl: medicine and surgery. BSAVA Man Farm Pets Gloucester, UK Br Small Anim Vet Assoc. 250-273.
- 24. Curtis, R., Jemmett, J.E., Hendy, P.G. (1977). Saffan (CT 1341) as an anaesthetic agent for the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus. J Small Anim Pract. 18(7): 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05914.x10.1111/j.1748-5827.1977.tb05914.x886836
- 25. Erickson, R.L., Blevins, C.E., De Souza Dyer, C., Marx, J.O. (2019). Alfaxalone-xylazine anesthesia in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 58(1): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-00001010.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000010635105330572981
- 26. Siriarchavatana, P., Ayers, J.D., Kendall, L.V. (2016). Anesthetic activity of alfaxalone compared with ketamine in mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 55(4): 426-430.
- 27. Heng, K., Marx, J.O., Jampachairsi, K., Huss, M.K., Pacharinsak, C. (2020). Continuous rate infusion of alfaxalone during ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 59(2): 170-175. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-00012210.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000122
- 28. Keates, H.L., van Eps, A.W., Pearson, M.R.B. (2012). Alfaxalone compared with ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in horses following xylazine and guaifenesin. Vet Anaesth Analg. 39(6): 591-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00756.x10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00756.x
- 29. Muñoz, K.A., Robertson, S.A., Wilson, D.V. (2017). Alfaxalone alone or combined with midazolam or ketamine in dogs: intubation dose and select physiologic effects. Vet Anaesth Analg. 44(4): 766-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.01.00410.1016/j.vaa.2017.01.004
- 30. Khenissi, L., Nikolayenkova-Topie, O., Broussaud, S., Touzot-Jourde, G. (2017). Comparison of intramuscular alfaxalone and ketamine combined with dexmedetomidine and butor phanol for castration in cats. J Feline Med Surg. 19(8): 791-797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X1665795110.1177/1098612X16657951
- 31. Tanaka, K., An, B.K., Banno, C., Xia, Z.S., Ohtani, S. (1997). Effects of dietary fat sources on lipid metabolism in growing chicks (Gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol Part B Biochem Mol Biol. 116(1): 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-0491(96)00182-410.1016/S0305-0491(96)00182-4