Determinants of the Transition Towards Sustainable Energy in Romania (2007–2024): A Principal Component Analysis Approach

This study investigates the dynamics of sustainable resilience, green transition and energy challenges in Romania over the period 2007–2024. Using a set of key indicators related to renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, energy production, recycling, import dependency, energy intensity and economic development, the research applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify underlying dimensions. The results reveal two main components explaining 94.28% of total variance: a “Green Transition Performance” dimension and an “Economic Pressure” dimension. The findings highlight Romania’s progress in renewable energy adoption and energy efficiency; alongside persistent vulnerabilities related to energy imports. The study provides a synthetic perspective on sustainability dynamics and supports policy-oriented interpretations.