Selected inflammatory markers in uterine and peripheral blood of bitches with pyometra
References
- Adler G.: Cytokines in the beginning stages of the immune response (in Polish). Reumatologia 2009, 47, 230–235.
- Aliyu M., Zohora F.T., Anka A.U., Ali K., Maleknia S., Saffarioun M., Azizi G.: Interleukin-6 cytokine: An overview of the immune regulation, immune dysregulation, and therapeutic approach. Int Immunopharmacol 2022, 111, 109130, doi: 10.1016/J.INTIMP.2022.109130.
- Bukowska D., Kempisty B., Zawierucha P., Jopek K., Piotrowska H., Antosik P., Ciesiółka S., Woźna M., Brüssow K.P., Jaśkowski J.M.: Microarray analysis of inflammatory response-related gene expression in the uteri of dogs with pyometra. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2014, 28, 637–648.
- Ceron J.J., Pardo-Marin L., Wdowiak A., Zoia A., Wochnik M., Szczubiał M., Bochniarz M., Tecles F., Martinez-Subiela S., Tvarijonaviciute A., Dąbrowski R.: Divergences between serum C-reactive protein and ferritin concentrations in canine pyometra. BMC Vet Res 2023, 19, doi: 10.1186/s12917-023-03630-3.
- Cox J.E.: Progestagens in bitches: a review. J Small Anim Pract 1970, 11, 759–778, doi: 10.1111/J.1748-5827.1970.TB05587.X.
- Dabrowski R., Hagman R., Tvarijonaviciute A., Pastor J., Kocki T., Turski W.A.: Serum tryptophan and its metabolites in female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy as treatment of pyometra or as elective spay surgery. Theriogenology 2015, 83, 1279–1286, doi: 10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2015.01.009.
- Dąbrowski R., Kostro K., Szczubiał M.: Concentrations of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin in uterine arterial and peripheral blood in bitches with pyometra. Theriogenology 2013, 80, 494–497, doi: 10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2013.05.012.
- De Malefyt R.W., Abrams J., Bennett B., Figdor C.G., De Vries J.E.: Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 1991, 174, 1209–1220, doi: 10.1084/jem.174.5.1209.
- Dinarello C.A., Therapeutic strategies to reduce IL-1 activity in treating local and systemic inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004, 4, 378–385, doi: 10.1016/J.COPH.2004.03.010.
- Dinarello C.A.: Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev 2018, 281, 8–27, doi: 10.1111/imr.12621.
- Dosch A.R., Singh S., Nagathihalli N.S., Datta J., Merchant N.B.: Interleukin-1 signaling in solid organ malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022, 1877, 188670, doi: 10.1016/J.BBCAN.2021.188670.
- Du Clos T.W., Mold C.: C-reactive protein: an activator of innate immunity and a modulator of adaptive immunity. Immunol Res 2004, 30, 261–277, doi: 10.1385/IR:30:3:261.
- Faldyna M., Laznicka A., Toman M.: Immunosuppression in bitches with pyometra. J Small Anim Pract 2001, 42, 5–10, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb01976.x.
- Gasser B., Uscategui R.A.R., Aires L.P.N., Yamada D.I., Del’Aguila-Silva P., Lima B.B., Silva P., Cruz I.C.K. da, Carneiro R.K., Feliciano M.A.R.: Abdominal perfusion in canine patients with pyometra and sepsis evaluated by Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. BMC Vet Res 2023, 19, 180, doi: 10.1186/s12917-023-03747-5.
- Hagman R.: Pyometra in Small Animals 2.0. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022, 52, 631–657, doi: 10.1016/J.CVSM.2022.01.004.
- Iyer S.S., Cheng G.: Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012, 32, 23–63, doi: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30.
- Kaneko N., Kurata M., Yamamoto T., Morikawa S., Masumoto J.: The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology. Inflamm Regen 2019, 39, 1–16, doi: 10.1186/s41232-019-0101-5.
- Karlsson I., Hagman R., Johannisson A., Wang L., Karlstam E., Wernersson S.: Cytokines as immunological markers for systemic inflammation in dogs with pyometra. Reprod Domest Anim 2012, 47, 337–341, doi: 10.1111/rda.12034.
- Kishimoto T.: Interleukin-6: discovery of a pleiotropic cytokine. Arthritis Res Ther 2006, 8, S2, doi: 10.1186/ar1916.
- Kostro K.: Białka ostrej fazy u zwierząt (Animal Acute-Phase Proteins – in Polish), edited by K. Kostro, Z. Gliński. Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej, Lublin, Poland, 2003.
- Lopes C.E., De Carli S., Riboldi C.I., De Lorenzo C., Panziera W., Driemeier D., Siqueira M.F.: Pet pyometra: correlating bacteria pathogenicity to endometrial histological changes. Pathogens 2021, 10, doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070833.
- Malin K., Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O.: C-reactive protein as a diagnostic marker in dogs: a review. Animals 2022, 12, doi: 10.3390/ani12202888.
- Otabe K., Sugimoto T., Jinbo T., Honda M., Kitao S., Hayashi S., Shimizo M., Yamamoto S.: Physiological levels of C-reactive protein in normal canine sera. Vet Res Commun 1998, 22, 77–85, doi: 10.1023/a:1006071211779.
- Piñeiro M., Pato R., Soler L., Peña R., García N., Torrente C., Saco Y., Lampreave F., Bassols A., Canalias F.: A new automated turbidimetric immunoassay for the measurement of canine C-reactive protein. Vet Clin Pathol 2018, 47, 130–137, doi: 10.1111/vcp.12576.
- Pyrillou K., Burzynski L.C., Clarke M.C.H.: Alternative pathways of IL-1 activation, and its role in health and disease. Front Immunol 2020, 11, 613170, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613170.
- Sasidharan J.K., Patra M.K., De U.K., Khan J.A., Shah I., Mathesh K., Saxena A.C., Dubal Z.B., Singh S.K., Kumar H., Krishnaswamy N.: Serum concentrations of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and IL6 can predict the onset of sepsis in pyometra bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2023, 58, 802–812, doi: 10.1111/rda.14353.
- Sasidharan J.K., Patra M.K., Khan J.A., Singh A.K., Karikalan M., De UK., Saxena A.C., Dubal Z.B., Singh S.K., Kumar H., Krishnaswamy N.: Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin synthases and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the endometrium and circulation in different graded CEH-pyometra in bitch. Theriogenology 2023, 197, 139149, doi: 10.1016/J.THERIOGENOLOGY.2022.11.017.
- Saxton R.A., Tsutsumi N., Su L.L., Abhiraman G.C., Mohan K., Henneberg L.T., Aduri N.G., Gati C., Garcia K.C.: Structurebased decoupling of the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of interleukin-10. Science 2021, 371, eabc8433, doi: 10.1126/science.abc8433.
- Soller J.T., Murua-Escobar H., Willenbrock S., Janssen M., Eberle N., Bullerdiek J., Nolte I.: Comparison of the human and canine cytokines IL-1(alpha/beta) and TNF-alpha to orthologous other mammalians. J Hered 2007, 98, 485–490, doi: 10.1093/jhered/esm025.
- Sproston N.R., Ashworth J.J.: Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018, 9, 342848, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754.
- Tanaka T., Narazaki M., Kishimoto T.: IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014, 6, 016295, doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.
- Telford J.L., Macchia G., Massone A., Carinci V., Palla E., Melli M.: The murine interleukin 1 beta gene: structure and evolution. Nucl Acids Res 1986, 14, 9955, doi: 10.1093/nar/14.24.9955.
- Volanakis J.E.: Human C-reactive protein: Expression, structure, and function. Mol Immunol 2001, 38, 189–197, doi: 10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00042-6.
- Xavier R.G.C., Santana C.H., Castro Y.G. de, Souza T.G.V. de, Amarante V.S. do, Santos R.L., Silva R.O.S.: Canine pyometra: a short review of current advances. Animals 2023, 13, 3310, doi: 10.3390/ani13213310.
- Xavier R.G.C., Santana C.H., Silva P.H.S. da, Aburjaile F.F., Pereira F.L., Figueiredo H.C.P., Freitas P.M.C., Santos R.L., Silva R.O.S.: Transmission of Escherichia coli causing pyometra between two female dogs. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2465, doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122465.
- Yang X., Lin G., Han Z., Chai J.: Chapter 6, Structural Biology of NOD-like Receptors. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 1172, Structural Immunology, edited by T. Jin, Q. Yin. Springer Nature, Singapore, 2019, pp. 119–141, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9367-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2026-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608
Language: English
Page range: 129 - 137
Submitted on: Jun 30, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 5, 2026
Published on: Mar 12, 2026
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Kinga Domrazek, Szymon Kanafa, Magdalena Krzeszewska Zachary, Roman Dąbrowski, Lourdes Soler, Piotr Jurka, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.