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Phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance of the intestinal microbiota isolated from two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) post mortem Cover

Phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance of the intestinal microbiota isolated from two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) post mortem

Open Access
|Sep 2025

Figures & Tables

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of miscellaneous isolates from two alpacas’ intestinal swabs and faeces

SpeciesSample source (animal)Antimicrobial resistance profile
Moraxella osloensissmall intestine (2)PG-ERY
Leuconostoc citreumrectum (2)PG
Corynebacterium diphtheriaecolon (1)PG-DOX-OXY-ERY-SXT
Corynebacterium stationiscolon (1)PG-DOX-OXY-ERY-SXT
Stenotrophomonas maltophiliacolon (1)DOX-OXY-SXT

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-negative Yersiniaceae isolates from two alpacas’ intestinal swabs and faeces

Yersiniaceae rodsSample source (animal)Antimicrobial resistance profileAntimicrobial resistance gene
Serratia liquefacienscolon (2)AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-COL-PB-DOX-TET-FLOtetA
Serratia liquefacienssmall intestine (2)CLE-CF-COL-PB-FLO-
Serratia odoriferafaeces (2)AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-COL-PB-FLO-
Serratia odoriferarectum (2)CLE-CF-COL-PB-FLO-
Serratia marcescensfaeces (1)AMO-AMC-CF-COL-PB-DOX-TET-FLOtetB

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Bacillus spp_ isolates from alpaca 2’s intestinal swabs and faeces

Bacillus speciesSample source (animal)Antimicrobial resistance profile
Bacillus altitudinissmall intestinePG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus licheniformissmall intestinePG-DOX-OXY-ERY-SXT
Bacillus licheniformissmall intestinePG-SXT
Bacillus cereuscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus cereuscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus cecembensiscolonPG-SXT
Bacillus flexuscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus licheniformiscolonPG-GEN-SXT
Bacillus licheniformiscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus pumiluscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus pumiluscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus pumiluscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus subtiliscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus subtiliscolonPG-ERY-SXT
Bacillus licheniformisrectumPG-DOX-OXY-ERY-SXT
Bacillus aeolinusrectumPG-DOX-OXY-ERY-SXT
Bacillus cereusrectumPG-SXT

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-positive cocci isolates from two alpacas’ intestinal swabs and faeces

Gram-positive cocci speciesSample source (animal)Antimicrobial resistance profile(T)ECOFF*
Enterococcus faeciumsmall intestine (1)PG-BEN-NOR-DOX-TETGEN-NEO-STR
Enterococcus hiraesmall intestine (1)PG-BEN-NOR-ERYGEN-NEO-STR
Enterococcus hiraecolon (2)PG-BEN-NOR-ERY-DOX-TET-FLOGEN-NEO-STR
Enterococcus hiraerectum (2)PG-BEN-NOR-ERY-DOX-TET-FLOGEN-NEO-STR
Enterococcus casseliflavuscolon (2)PG-BEN-ERY-FLO-
Enterococcus casseliflavusrectum (2)PG-BEN-ERY-FLO-
Enterococcus gallinarumrectum (1)PG-BEN-DOX-TET-NOR-ERYGEN-NEO-STR
Staphylococcus aureuscolon (1)AMO-ENRNEO-STR
Staphylococcus aureusrectum (1)AMO-ENRNEO-STR
Staphylococcus pseudintermediusrectum (2)AMO-PG-BEN-ERYTYL
Staphylococcus sciuricolon (1)AMO-PG-BEN-
Staphylococcus sciurismall intestine (2)PG-BEN-
Micrococcus luteusrectum (2)PG-BEN-ERY-CLI-

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae isolates from two alpacas’ intestinal swabs and faeces

Enterobacteriaceae rodsSample source (animal)Antimicrobial resistance profileAntimicrobial resistance gene
Citrobacter freundiirectum (1)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-DOX-TET-FLO-SXT-ENR-NORtetA, sul1, floR
Citrobacter freundiirectum (1)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-DOX-TET-FLO-SXT-ENR-NORtetA, sul1, floR
Citrobacter freundiifaeces (1)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-DOX-TET-FLO-SXT-ENR-NORtetA, sul1, floR
Citrobacter freundiifaeces (2)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-DOX-TET-FLO-SXT-NORaadA, tetA, sul1
Citrobacter braakiismall intestine (1)DOX-TET-FLO-SXTfloR
Enterobacter cloacaecolon (1)AMP-AMO-CF-FLO-SXTsul1, sul2, floR
Enterobacter cloacaecolon (1)AMP-AMO-CF-FLO-SXTsul1, sul2, floR
Enterobacter cloacaecolon (1)AMO-CF-DOX-TET-ENR-NORtetA
Enterobacter cloacaerectum (2)AMP-AMO-CF-ENR-NOR-
Enterobacter cloacaefaeces (2)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-SXTsul1
Enterobacter gergoviaesmall intestine (2)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-FLO-
Enterobacter hormaecheicolon (2)AMP-AMO-CLE-CF-FLO-SXTsul1, dfrA1
Enterobacter ludwigiirectum (1)AMP-AMO-AMC-CLE-CF-FLO-
E. colicolon (1)AMP-AMO-AMC-CF-STRaadA, strA/strB
Language: English
Page range: 345 - 352
Submitted on: Mar 27, 2025
Accepted on: Jul 8, 2025
Published on: Sep 30, 2025
Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year

© 2025 Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak, Karolina Wódz, Zuzanna Janina Strzałkowska, Piotr Kwieciński, Monika Żychska, Ewa Dorota Domańska, Daria Kłosińska, Blanka Orłowska, Tomasz Nowak, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.