Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Regression analysis of biochemical data in the muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Biomarker | Regression analysis data type | β ± standard error |
|---|---|---|
| Thiobarbituric acid reactive species | β-glucans | –0.275 ± 0.108 |
| Duration | 0.430 ± 0.108 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral) | β-glucans | –0.349 ± 0.086 |
| Duration | 0.640 ± 0.086 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral) | β-glucans | –0.358 ± 0.066 |
| Duration | 0.538 ± 0.094 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline) | β-glucans | –0.285 ± 0.078 |
| Duration | 0.430 ± 0.088 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline) | β-glucans | –0.375 ± 0.086 |
| Duration | 0.458 ± 0.099 | |
| Superoxide dismutase | β-glucans | –0.544 ± 0.105 |
| Glutathione reductase | Duration | –0.382 ± 0.116 |
| Glutathione peroxidase | β-glucans | 0.228 ± 0.089 |
| Duration | 0.664 ± 0.089 | |
| Total antioxidant status | Duration | 0.262 ± 0.121 |
| Alanine aminotransferase | Duration | –0.805 ± 0.072 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | Duration | –0.850 ± 0.064 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | β-glucans | 0.243 ± 0.083 |
| Duration | –0.705 ± 0.083 | |
| Succinate dehydrogenase | Duration | –0.537 ± 0.105 |
| Lactate | β-glucans | 0.358 ± 0.103 |
| Duration | –0.446 ± 0.103 | |
| Pyruvate | β-glucans | 0.312 ± 0.091 |
| Duration | –0.615 ± 0.091 |
Lysosomal enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (nmol min−1 mg−1 protein) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Acid phosphatase | Control | 125.11 ± 10.72 | 141.49 ± 14.03 | 138.27 ± 16.46 |
| β-glucans | 162.93 ± 23.96* | 188.52 ± 18.15* | 170.60 ± 11.53* | |
| β-N-acetylglucosaminidase | Control | 78.61 ± 2.91 | 119.58 ± 16.30 | 127.18 ± 8.56 |
| β-glucans | 99.34 ± 6.95* | 231.16 ± 24.46* | 147.71 ± 9.08 | |
| Alanyl aminopeptidase | Control | 108.21 ± 9.49 | 109.05 ± 7.44 | 96.60 ± 6.90 |
| β-glucans | 62.29 ± 11.11* | 63.81 ± 5.28* | 108.21 ± 9.64 | |
| Leucyl aminopeptidase | Control | 123.14 ± 14.41 | 113.39 ± 23.50 | 113.87 ± 14.02 |
| β-glucans | 95.61 ± 26.52 | 106.79 ± 23.32 | 81.67 ± 18.29 | |
Metabolic enzyme activity and metabolite levels in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein (enzymes)/nmol mg−1 protein (metabolites)) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase | Control | 24.62 ± 3.72 | 11.49 ± 2.03 | 12.37 ± 0.86 |
| β-glucans | 32.93 ± 3.96 | 12.52 ± 2.15 | 10.60 ± 1.53 | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | Control | 30.61 ± 2.91 | 19.58 ± 1.30 | 17.18 ± 1.56 |
| β-glucans | 33.34 ± 5.95 | 21.13 ± 2.46 | 17.71 ± 1.08 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | Control | 88.22 ± 6.49 | 59.05 ± 3.44 | 56.60 ± 6.90 |
| β-glucans | 122.29 ± 11.11* | 63.90 ± 8.28 | 58.21 ± 5.64 | |
| Succinate dehydrogenase | Control | 4.26 ± 0.33 | 2.19 ± 0.22 | 1.18 ± 1.10 |
| β-glucans | 3.73 ± 0.47* | 1.23 ± 0.89 | 0.98 ± 0.73 | |
| Lactate | Control | 103.14 ± 18.48 | 43.39 ± 13.50 | 93.87 ± 24.00 |
| β-glucans | 175.61 ± 16.52* | 86.79 ± 13.31* | 80.67 ± 20.29 | |
| Pyruvate | Control | 54.87 ± 10.21 | 35.15 ± 4.41 | 35.56 ± 3.79 |
| β-glucans | 94.79 ± 15.18* | 35.10 ± 4.98 | 41.11 ± 6.50 | |
Antioxidant enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30, and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein/μmol min−1 protein (catalase only)) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Superoxide dismutase | Control | 693.32 ± 91.65 | 932.99 ± 36.67 | 603.92 ± 95.22 |
| β-glucans | 315.19 ± 86.72* | 774.24 ± 50.62* | 319.85 ± 74.35* | |
| Catalase | Control | 2.67 ± 0.27 | 4.54 ± 0.48 | 3.85 ± 1.01 |
| β-glucans | 4.82 ± 1.10* | 2.64 ± 0.83* | 1.80 ± 0.34* | |
| Glutathione reductase | Control | 45.47 ± 2.59 | 25.40 ± 5.69 | 25.60 ± 3.83 |
| β-glucans | 39.53 ± 4.14 | 25.18 ± 3.44 | 31.69 ± 2.08 | |
| Glutathione peroxidase | Control | 101.32 ± 13.25 | 148.69 ± 28.65 | 274.59 ± 19.76 |
| β-glucans | 111.36 ± 12.47 | 294.00 ± 29.09* | 251.41 ± 15.79 | |