Fig. 1.
Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) (A) and total antioxidant status (TAS) (B) in the muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30, and 45 days of feeding). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 11). * – significant difference between the untreated control group and the experimental group (P-value < 0.05)
Fig. 2.
Levels of neutral aliphatic aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazones (OMP ADn, A), neutral aliphatic ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazones (OMP KDn, B), alkaline aliphatic aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazones (oxidatively modified protein (OMP) ADa, C), and alkaline aliphatic ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazones (OMP KDa, D) in the muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30, and 45 days of feeding). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 11). * – significant differences between the untreated control group and the experimental group (P-value < 0.05)
Table 1.
Antioxidant enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30, and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein/μmol min−1 protein (catalase only)) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Superoxide dismutase | Control | 693.32 ± 91.65 | 932.99 ± 36.67 | 603.92 ± 95.22 |
| β-glucans | 315.19 ± 86.72* | 774.24 ± 50.62* | 319.85 ± 74.35* | |
| Catalase | Control | 2.67 ± 0.27 | 4.54 ± 0.48 | 3.85 ± 1.01 |
| β-glucans | 4.82 ± 1.10* | 2.64 ± 0.83* | 1.80 ± 0.34* | |
| Glutathione reductase | Control | 45.47 ± 2.59 | 25.40 ± 5.69 | 25.60 ± 3.83 |
| β-glucans | 39.53 ± 4.14 | 25.18 ± 3.44 | 31.69 ± 2.08 | |
| Glutathione peroxidase | Control | 101.32 ± 13.25 | 148.69 ± 28.65 | 274.59 ± 19.76 |
| β-glucans | 111.36 ± 12.47 | 294.00 ± 29.09* | 251.41 ± 15.79 | |
Table 2.
Metabolic enzyme activity and metabolite levels in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (U mg−1 protein (enzymes)/nmol mg−1 protein (metabolites)) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase | Control | 24.62 ± 3.72 | 11.49 ± 2.03 | 12.37 ± 0.86 |
| β-glucans | 32.93 ± 3.96 | 12.52 ± 2.15 | 10.60 ± 1.53 | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | Control | 30.61 ± 2.91 | 19.58 ± 1.30 | 17.18 ± 1.56 |
| β-glucans | 33.34 ± 5.95 | 21.13 ± 2.46 | 17.71 ± 1.08 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | Control | 88.22 ± 6.49 | 59.05 ± 3.44 | 56.60 ± 6.90 |
| β-glucans | 122.29 ± 11.11* | 63.90 ± 8.28 | 58.21 ± 5.64 | |
| Succinate dehydrogenase | Control | 4.26 ± 0.33 | 2.19 ± 0.22 | 1.18 ± 1.10 |
| β-glucans | 3.73 ± 0.47* | 1.23 ± 0.89 | 0.98 ± 0.73 | |
| Lactate | Control | 103.14 ± 18.48 | 43.39 ± 13.50 | 93.87 ± 24.00 |
| β-glucans | 175.61 ± 16.52* | 86.79 ± 13.31* | 80.67 ± 20.29 | |
| Pyruvate | Control | 54.87 ± 10.21 | 35.15 ± 4.41 | 35.56 ± 3.79 |
| β-glucans | 94.79 ± 15.18* | 35.10 ± 4.98 | 41.11 ± 6.50 | |
Table 3.
Lysosomal enzyme activity in muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Enzyme | Group | Enzyme activity (nmol min−1 mg−1 protein) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 days’ feeding | 30 days’ feeding | 45 days’ feeding | ||
| Acid phosphatase | Control | 125.11 ± 10.72 | 141.49 ± 14.03 | 138.27 ± 16.46 |
| β-glucans | 162.93 ± 23.96* | 188.52 ± 18.15* | 170.60 ± 11.53* | |
| β-N-acetylglucosaminidase | Control | 78.61 ± 2.91 | 119.58 ± 16.30 | 127.18 ± 8.56 |
| β-glucans | 99.34 ± 6.95* | 231.16 ± 24.46* | 147.71 ± 9.08 | |
| Alanyl aminopeptidase | Control | 108.21 ± 9.49 | 109.05 ± 7.44 | 96.60 ± 6.90 |
| β-glucans | 62.29 ± 11.11* | 63.81 ± 5.28* | 108.21 ± 9.64 | |
| Leucyl aminopeptidase | Control | 123.14 ± 14.41 | 113.39 ± 23.50 | 113.87 ± 14.02 |
| β-glucans | 95.61 ± 26.52 | 106.79 ± 23.32 | 81.67 ± 18.29 | |
Table 4.
Regression analysis of biochemical data in the muscle tissue of grayling fed a diet supplemented with β-glucans or fed a basal diet over three study periods (15, 30 and 45 days of feeding)
| Biomarker | Regression analysis data type | β ± standard error |
|---|---|---|
| Thiobarbituric acid reactive species | β-glucans | –0.275 ± 0.108 |
| Duration | 0.430 ± 0.108 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral) | β-glucans | –0.349 ± 0.086 |
| Duration | 0.640 ± 0.086 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, neutral) | β-glucans | –0.358 ± 0.066 |
| Duration | 0.538 ± 0.094 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (aldehyde dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline) | β-glucans | –0.285 ± 0.078 |
| Duration | 0.430 ± 0.088 | |
| Oxidatively modified protein (ketone dinitrophenyl hydrazone, alkaline) | β-glucans | –0.375 ± 0.086 |
| Duration | 0.458 ± 0.099 | |
| Superoxide dismutase | β-glucans | –0.544 ± 0.105 |
| Glutathione reductase | Duration | –0.382 ± 0.116 |
| Glutathione peroxidase | β-glucans | 0.228 ± 0.089 |
| Duration | 0.664 ± 0.089 | |
| Total antioxidant status | Duration | 0.262 ± 0.121 |
| Alanine aminotransferase | Duration | –0.805 ± 0.072 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase | Duration | –0.850 ± 0.064 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | β-glucans | 0.243 ± 0.083 |
| Duration | –0.705 ± 0.083 | |
| Succinate dehydrogenase | Duration | –0.537 ± 0.105 |
| Lactate | β-glucans | 0.358 ± 0.103 |
| Duration | –0.446 ± 0.103 | |
| Pyruvate | β-glucans | 0.312 ± 0.091 |
| Duration | –0.615 ± 0.091 |