Table 1.
List of taxa included in the molecular analysis of Graphidioides affinis using sequence data of the SSU rDNA
| GenBank accession no. | Species | Host | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| AY268117.1 | Caenorhabditis elegans | Not applicable | USA |
| AJ920341.1 | Chabertia ovina | Ovis aries | Canada |
| AJ920350.1 | Trichostrongylus colubriformis | Ovis aries | Canada |
| AJ920359.1 | Tetrabothriostrongylus mackerrasae | Antechinus stuartii | Canada |
| EU086374.1 | Haemonchus contortus | Giraffa camelopardalis | USA/Lion Country Safari/region of origin: Africa |
| L04152.1 | H. similis | Not provided | USA |
| OP288108.1 | Globocephalus urosubulatus | Sus scrofa | Brazil |
| AY295811.1 | Necator americanus | Homo sapiens | Guatemala |
| DQ094176.1 | Strongylus equinus | Not provided | Great Britan |
| AJ920342.1 | Cylicocyclus insignis | Equus caballus | Canada |
| LC415112.1 | Oesophagostomum muntiacum | Muntiacus reevesi | Japan |
| AJ920340.1 | Cyclodontostomum purvisi | Rattus sordidus | Canada |
| OP288110.1 | Stephanurus dentatus | Sus scrofa | Brazil |
| MN218457.1 | Uncinaria stenocephala | Canis latrans | Canada |
| AJ920351.1 | Ostertagia leptospicularis | Bos taurus | Canada |
| AJ920352.1 | Ostertagia ostertagi | Bos taurus | Canada |
| AY295820.1 | Troglostrongylus wilsoni | Lynx rufus | USA |
| KC771250.1 | Dictyocaulus viviparus bisontis | Bison bonasus | Poland |
| KM374671.1 | Dictyocaulus cervi | Cervus elaphus | Poland |
| MH756629.1 | Dictyocaulus skrjabini | Cervus elaphus | Poland |
| MH688454.1 | Lamanema chavezi | Lama lama | Germany/region of origin: South America |
| JX877671.1 | Travassostrongylus orloffi | Didelphis marsupialis | Mexico |
| JX877677.1 | Travassostrongylus callis | Didelphis marsupialis | Panama |
| AJ920355.1 | Heligmosomoides polygyrus | Mus musculus | Canada |
| JX877678.1 | Carolinensis perezponcedeleoni | Nyctomys sumichrasti | USA |
| JX877672.1 | Vexillata convoluta | Cratogeomys merriami | Mexico |
| AJ920360.1 | Nematodirus battus | Ovis aries | Canada |
| OR611714.1 | Graphidioides affinis | Dolichotis patagonum | Bulgaria/Sofia Zoo/region of origin: South America |
| OR611716.1 | Graphidioides affinis | Dolichotis patagonum | Bulgaria/Sofia Zoo/region of origin: south America |
Table 2.
List of taxa included in the molecular analysis of Graphidioides affinis using sequence data of ITS2 rDNA
| GenBank accession no. | Species | Host | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| KF765464.1 | Heligmosomoides polygyrus | Apodemus sylvaticus | Norway |
| MH688454.1 | Lamanema chavezi | Lama lama | Germany/region of origin: South America |
| Y10789.1 | Chabertia ovina | Ovis aries | Australia |
| LC415112.1 | Oesophagostomum muntiacum | Muntiacus reevesi | Japan |
| OQ773550.1 | Uncinaria stenocephala | Ursus arctos | Turkey |
| OR353426.1 | Graphidioides affinis | Dolichotis patagonum | Bulgaria/Sofia Zoo/region of origin: South America |
| AF194138.1 | Nematodirus battus | Not provided | UK |
| KX358861.1 | Cooperia oncophora | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Sweden/Avesta Visentpark |
| KX358862.1 | Ostertagia ostertagi | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Sweden/Avesta Visentpark |
| X86025.1 | O. leptospicularis | Bos taurus | |
| KX358860.1 | Haemonchus contortus | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Sweden/Avesta Visentpark |
| AJ577460.1 | Spiculopteragia boehmi | Not provided | France |
Fig. 1.
An egg of Graphidioides affinis found in the faeces of Dolichotis patagonum from the Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria
Fig. 2.
Graphidioides affinis adult worm found in the faeces of Dolichotis patagonum from the Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria; a – anterior end, papillae around the oral opening (arrows); b – cuticular striations on the body; c – oesophagus
Fig. 3.
Posterior body end of male Graphidioides affinis found in the faeces of Dolichotis patagonum from the Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria; a – common view; b – 1- pre-bursal papillae, 2 - anteroventral ray of copulatory bursa, 3 - posteroventral ray of copulatory bursa; c – copulatory bursa, 1 – anterolateral ray, 2 – mediolateral ray, 3 – posterolateral ray, 4 – exterodorsal ray; d – dorsal ray of copulatory bursa (arrow)
Fig. 4.
Spicules of Graphidioides affinis found in the faeces of Dolichotis patagonum from the Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria; a – proximal parts; b – distal parts
Fig. 5.
Female Graphidioides affinis found in the faeces of Dolichotis patagonum from the Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria; a – ovijector; b and c – vulva; d – posterior end; anus (arrow)
Fig. 6.
Phylogenetic tree of parasitic nematodes based on SSU rDNA partial sequences, constructed with the use of Bayesian inference analysis using MrBayes version 3.2.0. The general time-reversible model with estimates of invariant sites and gamma-distributed among-site variation model was chosen based on jModelTest version 2.1.4 using the Akaike information criterion. The analysis was run for 2,000,000 generations
Fig. 7.
Phylogenetic tree of parasitic nematodes based on ITS2 partial sequences, constructed with the use of Bayesian inference analysis using MrBayes version 3.2.0. The gamma-distributed among-site variation model was chosen based on jModelTest version 2.1.4 using the Akaike information criterion. The analysis was run for 2,000,000 generations. Bold indicates isolates examined in the present investigation
Table 3.
Comparative morphometry of Graphidioides affinis nematodes in materials from Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) investigated in different studies
| Origin / References | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria (Present data) | Argentina (1) | London Zoo, UK (7) | Barcelona Zoo Spain (5) | ||
| Range | Mean ± SD | |||||
| Adult male nematodes (n = 7) | Body length (cm) | 1–2 | 1.5 ± 0.35 | 0.9–1.7 | 1.1 | 1.1–1.3 |
| Body width at the end of the oesophagus (μm) | 130–155 | 144 ± 8.97 | - | - | - | |
| Maximum body width (μm) | 250–340 | 291.67 ± 32.5 | 300 | 350 | 350 | |
| Oesophagus length (μm) | 505–558 | 537.6 ± 21.18 | - | 650 | - | |
| Maximum oesophagus width (μm) | 82–95 | 89 ± 5.79 | - | - | - | |
| Spicule length (μm) | 1,930–2,700 | 2365 ± 266.08 | 2,800 | 3,400 | 2,400–2,700 | |
| Gubernaculum length (μm) | 159–172 | 167.29 ± 4.61 | 150 | 120 | 60 | |
| Gubernaculum width (μm) | 48–57 | 52.29 ± 3.86 | 80 | 75 | 68 | |
| Adult female nematodes (n = 7) | Body length (cm) | 1.4–2.4 | 1.7 ± 0.33 | 1.6–2.1 | 2.1 | 2–2.5 |
| Body width at the end of the oesophagus (μm) | 185–244 | 207 ± 19.86 | - | - | - | |
| Maximum body width (μm) | 260–440 | 360 ± 72.34 | 500 | 700 | 750 | |
| Oesophagus length | 609–714 | 642 ± 37.22 | - | 650 | - | |
| Maximum oesophagus width (μm) | 97–124 | 114 ± 10.46 | - | - | - | |
| Ovijector total length (μm) | 1110–1448 | 1,230 ± 117.41 | 1,200 | 1,525 | - | |
| Vulva-tail tip distance (mm) | 4.8–6.0 | 5 ± 0.48 | 6 | 5.5 | - | |
| Anus-tail tip distance (μm) | 321–442 | 355 ± 40.54 | 500 | - | - | |
| Length of eggs in the uterus (μm) | 107–171 | 133 ± 26.02 | 140 | 135 | - | |
| Width of eggs in the uterus (μm) | 60–94 | 75 ± 11.25 | 75 | 75 | - | |