Table 1.
Primer sequences utilised in a reverse-transcriptase-PCR
| Gene | GenBank accession No. | Primer sequences (5′–3′) | Base pairs |
| GSH-Px | NM_001101113.2 | Fwd GCGGGAGCAGGACTTCTACGA Rev CCCGATAGTGCTGGTCTGTGAA | 137 |
| SOD | NM_201527.2 | Fwd TTCAATAAGGAGCAGGGACG Rev CAGTGTAAGGCTGACGGTTT | 234 |
| CAT | NM_001035386.1 | Fwd AGATACTCCAAGGCGAAGGTG Rev AAAGCCACGAGGGTCACGAAC | 120 |
| IGF-1 | NM_001077828.1 | Fwd TCGCATCTCTTCTATCTGGCCCTGT Rev GCAGTACATCTCCAGCCTCCTCAGA | 101 |
| IGF-1R | NM_001244612.1 | Fwd TTAAAATGGCCAGAACCTGAG Rev ATTATAACCAAGCCTCCCAC | 240 |
| GHR | NM_176608.1 | Fwd CCAGTTTCCATGGTTCTTAATTAT Rev TTCCTTTAATCTTTGGAACTGG | 138 |
| β-actin | NM_173979.3 | Fwd CTCTTCCAGCCTTCCTTCCT Rev GGGCAGTGATCTCTTTCTGC | 233 |
Table 2.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the oxidase index of hepatocytes in vitro
| SOD (U·mL−1) | CAT (U·mL−1) | MDA (mmol·mL−1) | GSH-Px (U·mL−1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0 | 7.43 ± 0.44a | 13.15 ± 0.48a | 11.94 ± 0.35b | 1.65 ± 0.05a |
| 0.6 | 5.77 ± 0.69a | 12.44 ± 0.50a | 12.19 ± 0.32a | 1.52 ± 0.06a |
| 1.2 | 4.02 ± 0.73b | 11.64 ± 0.72a | 12.86 ± 0.38a | 1.37 ± 0.08b |
| 3.0 | 3.87 ± 0.84b | 9.15 ± 1.06b | 13.16 ± 0.38a | 1.39 ± 0.06b |
Fig. 1.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant MDA concentration difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 2.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on catalase (CAT) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant CAT concentration difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value <0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value <0.01)
Fig. 3.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in hepatocytes at different time points
* –significant GSH-Px concentration difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 4.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant SOD concentration difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 5.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the gene expression level of catalase (CAT) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant CAT expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 6.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant GSH-Px expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 7.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant SOD expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 8.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant GHR expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 9.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant IGF expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol L−1 BHBA concentration group (P-value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value < 0.01)
Fig. 10.
Effect of different concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) on the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatocytes at different time points
* – significant IGF-1R expression difference between BHBA concentration groups and the 0.0 mmol·L−1 BHBA concentration group (P value < 0.05) at the same time point; ** – highly significant difference (P-value <0.01)