Table 1.
Concentration values (ng/g) and frequency of detection (%) of benzophenones as cumulative data from the analysed dog hair samples (n = 100)
| Compound | Range (ng/g) | Arithmetic mean | Geometric mean | Median | Frequency of detection above MQL (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP-1 | <MDL–666 | 88.86 | 34.00 | 39.90 | 37 |
| BP-2 | <MDL–8.86 | 7.48 | 7.38 | 7.65 | 5 |
| BP-3 | 4.75–1,765.00 | 73.77 | 33.96 | 30.65 | 100 |
| BP-8 | <MDL–14.2 | 6.36 | 5.28 | 4.77 | 5 |
1 BP-1 – benzophenone 1; BP-2 – benzophenone 2; BP-3 – benzophenone 3; BP-8 – benzophenone 8; MDL – method detection limit (0.50 ng/g for BP-1, 0.30 ng/g for BP-2, 0.50 ng/g for BP-3 and 0.90 ng/g for BP-8); MQL – method quantification limit (2.00 ng/g for BP-1, 1.00 ng/g for BP-2, 2.00 ng/g for BP-3 and 3.00 ng/g for BP-8)
Table 2.
The correlation with health, pet care and owner factors of benzophenone 1 (BP-1) and benzophenone 3 (BP-3) mean concentration levels in ng/g (±standard deviation) in canine hair samples
| Sex | |||||||
| Compound | Female | Male | P-value | ||||
| BP-1 | 69.11 ± 71.50 | 109.70 ± 171.70 | 0.7242 | ||||
| BP-3 | 47.29 ± 68.35 | 100.30 ± 251.10 | 0.1365 | ||||
| Age | |||||||
| Compound | Young (Y) | Middle-aged (M) | Old (O) | P-value Y/M | P-value M/O | P-value Y/O | |
| BP-1 | 123.80 ± 113.10 | 50.18 ± 59.23 | 75.65 ± 108.8 | 0.1843 | >0.9999 | >0.9999 | |
| BP-3 | 61.38 ± 87.89 | 77.91 ± 240.9 | 73.89 ± 91.67 | >0.9999 | >0.9999 | >0.9999 | |
| Diet | |||||||
| Compound | Commercial dry food (D) | Commercial canned food (C) | Food prepared at home (H) | P-value D/C | P-value C/H | P-value D/H | |
| BP-1 | 67.53±95.18 | 91.93 ± 85.95 | 150.30 ± 257.90 | 0.9319 | >0.9999 | >0.9999 | |
| BP-3 | 52.08±47.48 | 137.30 ± 307.80* | 32.57 ± 49.01* | 0.7265 | 0.0038* | 0.1123 | |
| Castration/sterilisation | |||||||
| Compound | Castrated/spayed dogs | Intact dogs | P-value | ||||
| BP-1 | 72.85 ± 75.99 | 126.70 ± 210.10 | 0.6290 | ||||
| BP-3 | 91.25 ± 224.30* | 41.31 ± 57.27* | 0.0197* | ||||
| Use of animal hygiene products | |||||||
| Compound | Yes | No | P-value | ||||
| BP-1 | 96.07 ± 133.30* | 7.15 ± 9.42* | 0.0255* | ||||
| BP-3 | 91.27 ± 210.90* | 21.29 ± 15.83* | <0.0001* | ||||
| Frequency of hand cream application by dog owners | |||||||
| Compound | More than once a week | Less than once a week | P-value | ||||
| BP-1 | 118.60 ± 151.70* | 34.01 ± 39.21* | 0.0210* | ||||
| BP-3 | 100.21 ± 228.61* | 28.76 ± 28.67* | 0.0005* | ||||
| Frequency of visits to veterinary clinics | |||||||
| Compound | More than three times a year | Less than three times a year | P-value | ||||
| BP-1 | 118.60 ± 161.30 | 49.80±54.72 | 0.1447 | ||||
| BP-3 | 115.50 ± 253.3* | 31.82 ± 38.31* | <0.0001* | ||||
Table 3.
Selected previous studies on concentration levels of benzophenone 1 (BP-1), benzophenone 2 (BP-2), benzophenone 3 (BP-3) and benzophenone 8 (BP-8) in humans and animals. Benzophenone concentration levels are shown in ng/g (in solid matrices) or ng/mL (in liquid matrices)
| Species | Country | Matrix | n | BP-1 | BP-2 | BP-3 | BP-8 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | urine | 300 | 0.01–1,910.00 | 0.25–8.25 | 0.70–9.83 | 0.01–2.69 | 59 | |
| China | amniotic fluid | 15 | <0.02–3.22 | <0.01–0.38 | <0.01–0.60 | 66 | ||
| China | urine | 100 | <0.07–14.60 | <0.11–46.10 | 78 | |||
| blood | 75 | <0.06–0.15 | <0.41–3.88 | |||||
| urine | 309 | <LOD–129.00 | <LOD–9.84 | <LOD–644.00 | ||||
| Human | Denmark | blood serum | 306 | <LOD–0.86 | <LOD–0.10 | <LOD–5.18 | 23 | |
| seminal plasma | 297 | <LOD–10.90 | <LOD | <LOD–5.94 | ||||
| Spain | breast milk | 10 | ND–0.51 | ND–15.70 | ND–0.73 | 61 | ||
| placenta | 79 | <LOD–3.32 | 0.38–1.93 | 0.65–3.09 | <LOD | 19 | ||
| nails | 22 | 6.30–194.00 | ND | 25.00–245.00 | ND–3.90 | 48 | ||
| USA | urine | 251 | 0.40–21,700.00 | 6 | ||||
| 7 | ||||||||
| Dog | USA | urine | 50 | <LOQ–9.20 | <LOQ–46.00 | LOQ–0.70 | 32 | |
| Cat | USA | urine | 50 | <LOQ–13.50 | <LOQ–61.60 | <LOQ–8.40 | ||
| Wild bat | Poland | guano | 5 | 10.50–34.80 | <LOD | <LOQ–15.50 | <LOD | 46 |
| Beluga whale | Canada | liver | 80 | <LOD–1,320.00 | 4 | |||
| Wild bird | Spain | eggs | <LOQ–677.00 | 16.90–49.30 | 50 | |||
| Turtle | Italy | blood | 32 | <LOD–28,430.00 | 13 | |||
| Brazil | body | 11 | <LOQ | 3.50–15.40 | 51 | |||
| Fish | Greece | body | 8 | ND | 11.80–41.90 | <LOQ–1.80 | 14 | |
| Spain | body | 193 | ND–2.20 | 25 |