Why does Listeria monocytogenes survive in food and food-production environments?

Figures & Tables

Stress factor	Gene marker	Gene product	Phenotypic effect	References
Biocides	bcrABC cassette	resistance protein transporters and transcriptional factor	resistance to benzalkonium chloride	7, 14
Biocides	mdrL and lde	endogenous efflux pumps	resistance to benzalkonium chloride	2, 5
Low temperature	gbu	glycine betaine transporter	survival and growth at low	20
	opuC	transport of carnitine	temperatures	20
	sigB	sigma factor protein σ^B	response to temperature downshift	34
	cspA	cold-shock domain family proteins	chaperone that facilitates growth at low temperatures	38
High temperature	grpE, dnaK, dnaJ, groEL, clpP, clpE	heat-shock proteins	stabilisation and repair partially denatured proteins	1, 50
Adverse pH	gadA, gadT	glutamate decarboxylase system	conversion of glutamate to neutral γ-aminobutyrate	3, 42
Adverse pH	arcABCD	arginine deiminase	conversion of arginine to ornithine	1, 50
Osmolarity	kdpABC, lmoO993	transporter system	restoration turgor pressure and cell volume	12, 16, 48
High pressure	sigB	sigma factor protein σ^B	inhibition of cell membrane permeability and protein disruption	13, 48
Ultraviolet light	sigB	sigma factor protein σ^B	increased ultraviolet light tolerance	8
Ultraviolet light	uvrX, uvrA	Y-family DNA polymerase	increased ultraviolet light tolerance	9, 19
Heavy metals	cadABC, arsABCD, lgi-2	efflux P-type ATPase pumps and membrane transporters	increased resistance to cadmium and arsenic	25, 41