Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum regarding breed, sex, age, and health status
| A. phagocytophilum | B. burgdorferi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | IFAT + (%; 95% CI) | ELISA + (%; 95% CI) | IFAT + (%; 95% CI) | ELISA + (%; 95% CI) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 1–11 (n = 54) | 22 (40.7; 28.7–54.0) | 26 (48.1; 35.4–61.2) | 22 (40.7; 28.7–54.0) | 10 (18.5; 10.4–30.9) |
| 12–16 (n = 33) | 3 (9.1; 3.1–23.6) | 4 (12.1; 4.8–27.3) | 3 (9.1; 3.1–23.6) | 6 (18.2; 8.6–34.4) |
| 17–25 (n = 21) | 0 (0) | 3 (14.3; 5.0–34.6) | 3 (14.3; 5.0–34.6) | 3 (14.3; 5.0–34.6) |
| P value | <0.01 SS | <0.01 SS | <0.01 SS | 0.9 NS |
| Gender | ||||
| Male (n = 62) | 12 (19.4; 11.4–30.8) | 9 (14.5; 7.8–25.4) | 15 (24.2; 15.2–36.2) | 14 (22.6; 13.9–34.4) |
| Female (n = 46) | 13 (28.3; 17.3–42.6) | 24 (52.2; 38.1–65.9) | 13 (28.3; 17.3–42.6) | 5 (10.9; 4.7–23.0) |
| P value | 0.3 NS | <0.01 SS | 0.6 NS | 0.1 NS |
| Breed | ||||
| Arabian (n = 85) | 20 (23.5; 15.8–33.6) | 22 (25.9; 17.8–36.1) | 20 (23.5; 15.8–33.6) | 14 (16.5; 10.1–25.8) |
| Barb (n = 13) | 1(7.7; 1.4–33.3) | 5 (38.5; 17.7–64.5) | 1 (7.7; 1.4–33.3) | 1 (7.7; 1.4–33.3) |
| Arab–Barb (n = 10) P value | 4 (40; 16.8–68.7) 0.2 NS | 6 (60; 31.2–83.2) 0.07 NS | 7 (70; 39.7–89.2) <0.01 SS | 4 (40; 16.8–68.7) 0.1 NS |
| P value | 0.2 NS | 0.07 NS | <0.01 SS | 0.1 NS |
| Clinical signs | ||||
| Yes (n = 20) | 9 (45; 25.8–65.8) | 10 (50; 29.9–70.1) | 11 (55; 34.2–74.2) | 7 (35; 18.1–56.7) |
| No (n = 108) | 16 (14.8; 9.3–22.7) | 23 (21.3; 14.6–29.9) | 17 (15.7; 10.1–23.8) | 12 (11.1; 6.5–18.4) |
| P value | <0.01 SS | <0.05 S | <0.01 SS | <0.05 S |
Seroprevalence of A_ phagocytophilum around the world
| Country | Year | Technique | n | Positive | Prevalence (%) | Lower limit | Upper limit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 2018 | IFAT | 128 | 25 | 19.53 | 12.66 | 26.40 | this study |
| Bulgaria | 2018 | ELISA | 155 | 31 | 20.00 | 13.70 | 26.30 | 37 |
| Canada | 2015 | SNAP 4Dx | 376 | 2 | 5.31 | 0 | 1.27 | 33 |
| Czech Republic | 2011 | IFAT | 92 | 67 | 72.8 | 63.74 | 81.91 | 30 |
| Denmark | 2010 | SNAP 4Dx | 390 | 87 | 22.31 | 18.18 | 26.44 | 30 |
| France | 2005 | ELISA | 424 | 48 | 11.32 | 8.30 | 14.33 | 30 |
| France | 2009 | ELISA | 408 | 55 | 13.48 | 10,17 | 16.79 | 30 |
| Guatemala | 2005 | IFAT | 74 | 10 | 13.51 | 5.72 | 21.30 | 30 |
| Italy | 2003 | IFAT | 561 | 2 | 3.56 | 0 | 8.50 | 30 |
| Italy | 2008 | IFAT | 793 | 134 | 16.90 | 14.29 | 19.51 | 30 |
| Italy | 2008 | IFAT | 154 | 12 | 7.79 | 3.56 | 12.03 | 30 |
| Italy | 2010 | IFAT | 135 | 23 | 17.04 | 10.69 | 23.38 | 30 |
| Italy | 2019 | IFAT | 479 | 109 | 22.76 | 19.00 | 26.51 | 12 |
| Mongolia | 2018 | IFAT | 216 | 91 | 42.13 | 35.54 | 48.71 | 39 |
| Tunisia | 2014 | IFAT | 343 | 56 | 16.33 | 12.41 | 20.24 | 3 |
Characteristics of the study group considering gender, age, and breed of sampled horses
| Variable | Healthy group (n = 108) | Affected group (n = 20) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 62 | 14 |
| Female | 46 | 6 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 1–11 | 54 | 14 |
| 12–16 | 33 | 3 |
| 17–25 | 21 | 3 |
| Breed | ||
| Arabian | 85 | 15 |
| Barb | 13 | 2 |
| Arab–Barb | 10 | 3 |
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum by ELISA and IFAT
| Pathogen | IFAT (n = 128) | ELISA (n = 128) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Seroprevalence (%) (95% CI) | Positive | Seroprevalence (%) (95% CI) | |
| B. burgdorferi only | 18 | 14.1 (9.1–21.1) The prevalence was significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P < 0.05) | 6 | 4.7 (2.2–9.9) The prevalence was significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P < 0.05) |
| A. phagocytophilum only | 15 | 11.7 (7.2–18.4) The prevalence was not significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P > 0.05) | 20 | 15.6 (10.4–22.9) The prevalence was not significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P > 0.05) |
| A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi (co-infection) | 10 | 7.8 (4.3–13.8) The prevalence was not significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P > 0.05) | 13 | 10.2 (6.0–16.7) The prevalence was not significantly different by IFAT and ELISA (P > 0.05) |
| B. burgdorferi (total) | 28 | 21.87 (13.79–28.20) The prevalence was not significantly different between methods (P > 0.05) | 19 | 14.84 (7.86–20.13) The prevalence was not significantly different between methods (P > 0.05) |
| A. phagocytophilum (total) | 25 | 19.53 (12.06–25.93) The prevalence was not significantly different between methods (P > 0.05) | 33 | 25.87 (17.34–32.65) The prevalence was not significantly different between methods (P > 0.05) |
Agreement analysis between IFAT and ELISA tests
| B. burgdorferi | IFAT | Statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELISA | Sera | Positive | Negative | Total | κ = 0.56 McNemar P < 0.01 SS |
| Positive | 15 | 4 | 19 | % agreement = 86.7 | |
| Negative | 13 | 96 | 109 | Relative sensitivity = 53.6% | |
| Total | 28 | 100 | 128 | Relative specificity = 96% | |
| A. phagocytophilum | IFAT | Statistics | |||
| ELISA | Sera | Positive | Negative | Total | κ = 0.61 McNemar P < 0.01 SS |
| Positive | 20 | 13 | 33 | % agreement = 85.9 | |
| Negative | 5 | 90 | 95 | Relative sensitivity = 80% | |
| Total | 25 | 103 | 128 | Relative specificity = 87.4% | |
Seroprevalence of B_ burgforferi in the world
| Country | Year | Method | n | Positive | Prevalence (%) | Lower limit | Upper limit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 2019 | IFAT | 128 | 28 | 21.88 | 14.71 | 29.04 | this study |
| Brazil | 2018 | ELISA | 367 | 214 | 58.31 | 53.27 | 63.36 | 34 |
| Canada | 2015 | SNAP 4Dx | 376 | 6 | 1.60 | 0.033 | 2.86 | 33 |
| France | 2010 | SNAP 4Dx | 408 | 134 | 32.84 | 28.29 | 37.40 | 25 |
| French | 2010 | SNAP 4Dx | 49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| Italy | 2013 | IFAT | 300 | 21 | 7.00 | 4.11 | 9.89 | 20 |
| Italy | 2012 | SNAP 4Dx | 98 | 15 | 15.31 | 8.18 | 22.43 | 38 |
| Italy | 2012 | IFAT | 386 | 94 | 24.35 | 20.07 | 28.63 | 11 |
| Korea | 2016 | ELISA | 727 | 40 | 5.50 | 3.84 | 7.16 | 22 |
| Mexico | 2001 | IFAT | 100 | 34 | 34.00 | 24.72 | 43.28 | 31 |
| Poland | 2008 | ELISA | 395 | 101 | 25.57 | 21.27 | 29.87 | 35 |
| Romania | 2011 | ELISA | 260 | 31 | 11.92 | 7.98 | 15.86 | 18 |
| Sub-Saharan | 2010 | SNAP 4Dx | 113 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| Turkey | 2008 | ELISA | 300 | 18 | 6.00 | 3.31 | 8.69 | 5 |
| USA | 2012 | ELISA WB and | 2100 | 175 | 8.33 | 7.15 | 9.52 | 40 |