Nutritional composition and heavy metal content in breast and thigh muscles of wild and intensively reared common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Flis, Marian; Grela, Eugeniusz R.; Żukowska, Grażyna; Gugała, Dariusz

doi:10.2478/jvetres-2020-0028

Figures & Tables

Ingredients (g kg−1) and nutritive value of reared pheasant diet

Components	Reared (0–4 weeks)	Reared (5–8 weeks)	Fattening (9–38 weeks)
Corn	232.1	272.3	291.6
Wheat	100.0	100.0	160.0
Soybean meal	280.0	280.0	250.0
Garden pea	50.0	50.0	50.0
Fish meal	80.0	20.0	-
Linseed	40.0	40.0	40.0
Sunflower meal	80.0	80.0	80.0
Soya oil	50.0	50.0	-
Sorghum	10.0	30.0	50.0
Dicalcium phosphate	16.0	16.0	17.0
Calcium carbonate	55.0	55.0	55.0
Salt	3.0	3.0	3.0
Mineral-vitamin premix	2.5	2.5	2.5
DL-methionine	0.5	0.4	0.3
L-lysine chloride	0.9	0.8	0.6

Analysed value:

Dry matter	896.9	895.4	894.8
Crude protein	278.7	230.7	189.2
Crude ash	70.,1	69.,2	69.,3
Calcium	26.1	26.3	26.4
Total phosphorus	7.9	7.8	7.7
Iron, mg kg⁻¹	179.2	176.3	174.5
Zinc, mg kg⁻¹	132.4	129.5	125.4
Copper, mg kg⁻¹	22.9	22.8	22.7
AMEn, MJ kg⁻¹ *	12.05	12.06	10.57

The content of heavy metals (mg kg−1 dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Lead	Wild	0.81^a ± 0.12	0.72^a ± 0.12	0.76^x ± 0.12	1.15^a ± 0.15	1.13^a ± 0.13	1.14^x ± 0.13

	Farm	0.35^b ± 0.12	0.35^b ± 0.11	0.35^y ± 0.11	0.58^b ± 0.14	0.65^b ± 0.12	0.61^y ± 0.13

	Average	0.57^c ± 0.12	0.54^c ± 0.12	0.55^w ± 0.12	0.86^c ± 0.13	0.88^c ± 0.12	0.87^z ± 0.12

Cadmium	Wild	0.041^a ± 0.01	0.061^a ± 0.01	0.051^x ± 0.02	0.011^a ± 0.01	0.013^a ± 0.002	0.012^x ± 0.06

	Farm	0.002^b ± 0.001	0.006^b ± 0.002	0.004^y ± 0.001	0.014^a ± 0.02	0.018^a ± 0.001	0.016^x ± 0.05

	Average	0.022^c ± 0.006	0.034^d ± 0.006	0.028^w ± 0.011	0.013^c ± 0.01	0.016^c ± 0.001	0.014^z ± 0.05

Chromium	Wild	14.14^a ± 2.04	14.88^a ± 2.15	14.51^x ± 2.09	16.66^a ± 2.46	16.12^a ± 2.32	16.38^x ± 2.41

	Farm	18.29^a ± 3.14	19.25^a ± 3.26	18.78^x ± 3.22	18.81^a ± 3.12	17.84^a ± 3.04	18.3^x ± 3.1

	Average	16.23^c ± 2.61	17.07^c ± 2.72	16.66^z ± 2.67	17.75^c ± 2.8	17.0^c ± 2.71	17.35^z ± 2.77

Nickel	Wild	4.18^a ± 1.45	4.22^a ± 1.12	4.2^x ± 1.31	7.12^a ± 4.35	7.44^a ± 3.12	7.28^x ± 2.84

	Farm	4.58^a ± 2.04	4.78^a ± 1.95	4.74^x ± 1.99	7.84^a ± 2.18	7.43^a ± 2.88	7.64^x ± 2.91

	Average	4.43^c ± 1.76	4.5^c ± 1.54	4.47^w ± 1.68	7.48^c ± 3.42	7.43^c ± 3.1	7.46^z ± 2.89

The content of selected microelements (mg kg−1 dry matter) in pheasant muscles

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Iron	Wild	57.05^a ± 5.02	79.09^a ± 6.03	68.07^x ± 5.53	82.08^a ± 7.05	108.11^a ± 9.04	95.09^x ± 8.03

	Farm	98.11^b ± 7.51	99.07^b±8.02	98.59^y ± 7.72	124.13^b ± 9.05	126.09^b ± 9.03	125.11^y ± 9.04

	Average	77.6^c ± 6.29	89.1^d ± 7.03	83.34^w ± 6.64	103.11^c ± 8.06	117.31^d ± 9.04	110.12^z ± 8.55

Zinc	Wild	15.33^a ± 1.33	16.01^a ± 1.56	15.7^x ± 1.47	21.74^a ± 2.33	22.15^a ± 2.01	21.9^x ± 2.25

	Farm	18.67^b ± 1.24	18.87^b ± 1.88	18.76^y ± 1.56	24.35^b ± 1.98	24.88^b ± 1.45	24.56^y ± 1.87

	Average	17.0^c ± 1.29	17.44^c ± 1.73	17.22^w ± 1.52	23.05^c ± 2.16	23.52^c ± 1.72	23.22^z ± 2.06

Cooper	Wild	3.11^a ± 0.34	3.68^a ± 0.45	3.42^x ± 0.38	2.15^a ± 0.18	3.36^a ± 0.24	2.76^x ± 0.21

	Farm	1.61^b ± 0.1	1.65^b ± 0.18	1.63^y ± 0.12	2.01^a ± 0.11	2.11^b ± 0.14	2.05^y ± 0.12

	Average	2.36^c ± 0.23	2.67^c ± 0.34	2.54^z ± 0.26	2.08^c ± 0.15	2.74^d ± 0.2	2.42^z ± 0.17

Manganese	Wild	1.59^a ± 0.27	1.05^a ± 0.18	1.33^x ± 0.22	2.57^a ± 0.22	2.26^a ± 0.28	2.43^x ± 0.25

	Farm	0.83^b ± 0.12	0.7^b ± 0.09	0.77^y ± 0.1	1.02^b ± 0.16	0.99^b ± 0.11	1.01^y ± 0.12

	Average	1.22^c ± 0.2	0.88^d ± 0.11	1.05^w ± 0.15	1.8^c ± 0.19	1.63^c ± 0.2	1.72^z ± 0.18

The content of selected macroelements (g kg−1 dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Phosphorus	Wild	9.42^a ± 0.74	9.15^a ± 0.86	9.29^x ± 0.79	9.18^a ± 0.81	9.04^a ± 0.79	9.11^x ± 0.79

	Farm	10.12^b ± 0.79	10.16^b ± 0.94	10.14^y ± 0.83	9.95^b ± 0.81	9.93^b ± 0.83	9.94^y ± 0.82

	Average	9.77^c ± 0.76	9.66^c ± 0.9	9.72^z ± 0.81	9.57^c ± 0.81	9.49^c ± 0.81	9.53^z ± 0.81

Calcium	Wild	0.24^a ± 0.02	0.29^a ± 0.05	0.27^x ± 0.04	0.47^a ± 0.04	0.53^a ± 0.04	0.5^x ± 0.04

	Farm	0.34^b ± 0.03	0.37^a ± 0.06	0.35^x ± 0.05	0.53^a ± 0.05	0.6^a ± 0.05	0.56^x ± 0.05

	Average	0.29^c ± 0.02	0.33^c ± 0.05	0.31^w ± 0.04	0.50^c ± 0.04	0.57^c ± 0.05	0.53^z ± 0.04

Magnesium	Wild	0.93^a ± 0.06	0.93^a ± 0.07	0.93^x ± 0.06	0.75^a ± 0.02	0.86^a ± 0.03	0.8^x ± 0.03

	Farm	1.04^b ± 0.08	0.99^a ± 0.08	1.02^x ± 0.08	0.94^b ± 0.02	0.98^b ± 0.02	0.96^y ± 0.02

	Average	0.99^c ± 0.07	0.96^c ± 0.07	0.98^z ± 0.07	0.85^c ± 0.02	0.92^c ± 0.02	0.88^z ± 0.02

Potassium	Wild	14.23^a ± 0.84	13.55^a ± 1.03	13.91^a ± 0.95	11.82^a ± 0.92	12.34^a ± 1.02	12.1^x ± 0.97

	Farm	15.41^b ± 0.87	14.62^b ± 1.04	15.0^b ± 0.97	12.35^a ± 0.91	12.96^a ± 0.94	12.72^x ± 0.92

	Average	14.82^c ± 0.85	14.08^c ± 1.03	14.46^w ± 0.96	12.09^c ± 0.92	12.65^c ± 0.99	12.4^z ± 0.94

Sodium	Wild	1.05^a ± 0.05	1.12^a ± 0.05	1.08^x ± 0.05	1.63^a ± 0.09	1.99^a ± 0.11	1.8^x ± 0.09

	Farm	1.27^b ± 0.17	1.34^b ± 0.16	1.3^y ± 0.16	1.71^a ± 0.08	2.03^a ± 0.12	1.89^x ± 0.1

	Average	1.16^c ± 0.15	1.23^c ± 0.15	1.19^w ± 0.15	1.66^c ± 0.07	2.01^d ± 0.11	1.85^z ± 0.09

Weight and chemical composition of pheasant muscles

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Weight of muscle, kg	Wild	0.264^a ± 0.12	0.203^a ± 0.15	0.234^x ± 0.14	0.221^a ± 0.17	0.171^a ± 0.15	0.195^x ± 0.12

	Farm	0.278^b ± 0.19	0.209^a ± 0.18	0.244^x ± 0.18	0.239^b ± 0.21	0.185^b ± 0.1	0.212^y ± 0.14

	Average	0.271^c ± 0.16	0.206^d ± 0.16	0.239^w ± 0.15	0.230^c ± 0.19	0.178^d ± 0.13	0.204^z ± 0.13

Water, %	Wild	74.13^a ± 4.15	74.64^a ± 4.17	74.38^x ± 4.16	74.67^a ± 3.82	74.76^a ± 4.26	74.71^x ± 3.94

	Farm	73.15^b ± 4.28	73.49^b ± 4.32	73.32^y ± 4.19	74.31^a ± 3.54	74.84^a ± 3.72	74.58^x ± 3.63

	Average	73.64^c ± 4.19	74.06^c ± 4.23	73.85^z ± 4.17	74.49^c ± 3.73	74.8^c ± 3.96	74.62^z ± 3.85

Total protein, %	Wild	24.21^a ± 1.28	23.85^a ± 1.33	24.03^x ± 1.32	23.43^a ± 1.09	23.36^a ± 0.98	23.39^x ± 0.92

	Farm	25.04^b ± 0.87	24.82^b ± 1.04	24.93^y ± 0.98	23.85^a ± 0.92	23.34^a ± 1.02	23.59^x ± 0.96

	Average	24.63^c ± 0.98	24.34^c ± 1.18	24.48^w ± 1.15	23.64^c ± 1.02	23.35^c ± 0.97	23.49^z ± 0.92

Crude fat, %	Wild	0.27^a ± 0.04	0.29^a ± 0.03	0.28^x ± 0.03	0.44^a ± 0.04	0.46^a ± 0.04	0.45^x ± 0.03

	Farm	0.39^b ± 0.05	0.41^b ± 0.04	0.4^y ± 0.05	0.55^b ± 0.05	0.57^b ± 0.05	0.56^y ± 0.05

	Average	0.33^c ± 0.04	0.35^c ± 0.04	0.34^w ± 0.04	0.49^c ± 0.04	0.52^c ± 0.04	0.51^z ± 0.04

Crude ash, %	Wild	1.07^a ± 0.06	1.02^a ± 0.05	1.05^x ± 0.05	1.09^a ± 0.07	1.08^a ± 0.06	1.08^x ± 0.06

	Farm	1.12^a ± 0.07	1.11^a ± 0.06	1.11^x ± 0.06	1.11^a ± 0.08	1.07^a ± 0.09	1.09^x ± 0.08

	Average	1.09^c ± 0.06	1.07^c ± 0.05	1.08^z ± 0.05	1.10^c ± 0.07	1.08^c ± 0.07	1.09^z ± 0.06

Nutritional composition and heavy metal content in breast and thigh muscles of wild and intensively reared common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Figures & Tables

Ingredients (g kg−1) and nutritive value of reared pheasant diet

The content of heavy metals (mg kg−1 dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

The content of selected microelements (mg kg−1 dry matter) in pheasant muscles

The content of selected macroelements (g kg−1 dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

Weight and chemical composition of pheasant muscles

Paradigm

My account