Nutritional composition and heavy metal content in breast and thigh muscles of wild and intensively reared common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Components	Reared (0–4 weeks)	Reared (5–8 weeks)	Fattening (9–38 weeks)
Corn	232.1	272.3	291.6
Wheat	100.0	100.0	160.0
Soybean meal	280.0	280.0	250.0
Garden pea	50.0	50.0	50.0
Fish meal	80.0	20.0	-
Linseed	40.0	40.0	40.0
Sunflower meal	80.0	80.0	80.0
Soya oil	50.0	50.0	-
Sorghum	10.0	30.0	50.0
Dicalcium phosphate	16.0	16.0	17.0
Calcium carbonate	55.0	55.0	55.0
Salt	3.0	3.0	3.0
Mineral-vitamin premix	2.5	2.5	2.5
DL-methionine	0.5	0.4	0.3
L-lysine chloride	0.9	0.8	0.6

Analysed value:

Dry matter	896.9	895.4	894.8
Crude protein	278.7	230.7	189.2
Crude ash	70.,1	69.,2	69.,3
Calcium	26.1	26.3	26.4
Total phosphorus	7.9	7.8	7.7
Iron, mg kg⁻¹	179.2	176.3	174.5
Zinc, mg kg⁻¹	132.4	129.5	125.4
Copper, mg kg⁻¹	22.9	22.8	22.7
AMEn, MJ kg⁻¹ *	12.05	12.06	10.57

[i] Mineral-vitamin premix in farm-bred group contained in 1 kg diet: Mn – 60 mg; I – 1 mg; Fe – 54 mg; Zn –100 mg; Cu – 11 mg; Se – 0.2 mg; vit. A – 10,000 IU; vit. D₃– 2,500 IU; vit. E – 50 mg; vit. K₃ – 2 mg; vit. B₁– 1.5 mg; vit. B₂– 4.5 mg; vit. B₆– 3 mg; vit. B₁₂– 0.015 mg; biotin – 0.1 mg; folic acid – 0.8 mg; nicotinic acid – 20 mg; pantothenic acid – 12 mg; choline – 300 mg

*AMEn – apparent metabolisable energy at zero nitrogen balance was calculated with Fisher and McNab’s (8) equations

Table 2

Weight and chemical composition of pheasant muscles

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Weight of muscle, kg	Wild	0.264^a ± 0.12	0.203^a ± 0.15	0.234^x ± 0.14	0.221^a ± 0.17	0.171^a ± 0.15	0.195^x ± 0.12

	Farm	0.278^b ± 0.19	0.209^a ± 0.18	0.244^x ± 0.18	0.239^b ± 0.21	0.185^b ± 0.1	0.212^y ± 0.14

	Average	0.271^c ± 0.16	0.206^d ± 0.16	0.239^w ± 0.15	0.230^c ± 0.19	0.178^d ± 0.13	0.204^z ± 0.13

Water, %	Wild	74.13^a ± 4.15	74.64^a ± 4.17	74.38^x ± 4.16	74.67^a ± 3.82	74.76^a ± 4.26	74.71^x ± 3.94

	Farm	73.15^b ± 4.28	73.49^b ± 4.32	73.32^y ± 4.19	74.31^a ± 3.54	74.84^a ± 3.72	74.58^x ± 3.63

	Average	73.64^c ± 4.19	74.06^c ± 4.23	73.85^z ± 4.17	74.49^c ± 3.73	74.8^c ± 3.96	74.62^z ± 3.85

Total protein, %	Wild	24.21^a ± 1.28	23.85^a ± 1.33	24.03^x ± 1.32	23.43^a ± 1.09	23.36^a ± 0.98	23.39^x ± 0.92

	Farm	25.04^b ± 0.87	24.82^b ± 1.04	24.93^y ± 0.98	23.85^a ± 0.92	23.34^a ± 1.02	23.59^x ± 0.96

	Average	24.63^c ± 0.98	24.34^c ± 1.18	24.48^w ± 1.15	23.64^c ± 1.02	23.35^c ± 0.97	23.49^z ± 0.92

Crude fat, %	Wild	0.27^a ± 0.04	0.29^a ± 0.03	0.28^x ± 0.03	0.44^a ± 0.04	0.46^a ± 0.04	0.45^x ± 0.03

	Farm	0.39^b ± 0.05	0.41^b ± 0.04	0.4^y ± 0.05	0.55^b ± 0.05	0.57^b ± 0.05	0.56^y ± 0.05

	Average	0.33^c ± 0.04	0.35^c ± 0.04	0.34^w ± 0.04	0.49^c ± 0.04	0.52^c ± 0.04	0.51^z ± 0.04

Crude ash, %	Wild	1.07^a ± 0.06	1.02^a ± 0.05	1.05^x ± 0.05	1.09^a ± 0.07	1.08^a ± 0.06	1.08^x ± 0.06

	Farm	1.12^a ± 0.07	1.11^a ± 0.06	1.11^x ± 0.06	1.11^a ± 0.08	1.07^a ± 0.09	1.09^x ± 0.08

	Average	1.09^c ± 0.06	1.07^c ± 0.05	1.08^z ± 0.05	1.10^c ± 0.07	1.08^c ± 0.07	1.09^z ± 0.06

[i] a, b – different letters in the columns for the individual muscle groups of the females and males between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

c, d – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the mean values for the males and females in particular muscle types

x, y – different letters in the columns between the average values for the individual muscle groups between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

w, z – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the average values for the individual muscle types

Table 3

The content of selected macroelements (g kg⁻¹ dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Phosphorus	Wild	9.42^a ± 0.74	9.15^a ± 0.86	9.29^x ± 0.79	9.18^a ± 0.81	9.04^a ± 0.79	9.11^x ± 0.79

	Farm	10.12^b ± 0.79	10.16^b ± 0.94	10.14^y ± 0.83	9.95^b ± 0.81	9.93^b ± 0.83	9.94^y ± 0.82

	Average	9.77^c ± 0.76	9.66^c ± 0.9	9.72^z ± 0.81	9.57^c ± 0.81	9.49^c ± 0.81	9.53^z ± 0.81

Calcium	Wild	0.24^a ± 0.02	0.29^a ± 0.05	0.27^x ± 0.04	0.47^a ± 0.04	0.53^a ± 0.04	0.5^x ± 0.04

	Farm	0.34^b ± 0.03	0.37^a ± 0.06	0.35^x ± 0.05	0.53^a ± 0.05	0.6^a ± 0.05	0.56^x ± 0.05

	Average	0.29^c ± 0.02	0.33^c ± 0.05	0.31^w ± 0.04	0.50^c ± 0.04	0.57^c ± 0.05	0.53^z ± 0.04

Magnesium	Wild	0.93^a ± 0.06	0.93^a ± 0.07	0.93^x ± 0.06	0.75^a ± 0.02	0.86^a ± 0.03	0.8^x ± 0.03

	Farm	1.04^b ± 0.08	0.99^a ± 0.08	1.02^x ± 0.08	0.94^b ± 0.02	0.98^b ± 0.02	0.96^y ± 0.02

	Average	0.99^c ± 0.07	0.96^c ± 0.07	0.98^z ± 0.07	0.85^c ± 0.02	0.92^c ± 0.02	0.88^z ± 0.02

Potassium	Wild	14.23^a ± 0.84	13.55^a ± 1.03	13.91^a ± 0.95	11.82^a ± 0.92	12.34^a ± 1.02	12.1^x ± 0.97

	Farm	15.41^b ± 0.87	14.62^b ± 1.04	15.0^b ± 0.97	12.35^a ± 0.91	12.96^a ± 0.94	12.72^x ± 0.92

	Average	14.82^c ± 0.85	14.08^c ± 1.03	14.46^w ± 0.96	12.09^c ± 0.92	12.65^c ± 0.99	12.4^z ± 0.94

Sodium	Wild	1.05^a ± 0.05	1.12^a ± 0.05	1.08^x ± 0.05	1.63^a ± 0.09	1.99^a ± 0.11	1.8^x ± 0.09

	Farm	1.27^b ± 0.17	1.34^b ± 0.16	1.3^y ± 0.16	1.71^a ± 0.08	2.03^a ± 0.12	1.89^x ± 0.1

	Average	1.16^c ± 0.15	1.23^c ± 0.15	1.19^w ± 0.15	1.66^c ± 0.07	2.01^d ± 0.11	1.85^z ± 0.09

[i] a, b – different letters in the columns for the individual muscle groups in the females and males between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

c, d – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p≤0.05 between the mean values for the males and females in particular muscle types

x, y – different letters in the columns between the average values for the individual muscle groups between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

w, z – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the average values for the individual muscle types

Table 4

The content of selected microelements (mg kg⁻¹ dry matter) in pheasant muscles

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Iron	Wild	57.05^a ± 5.02	79.09^a ± 6.03	68.07^x ± 5.53	82.08^a ± 7.05	108.11^a ± 9.04	95.09^x ± 8.03

	Farm	98.11^b ± 7.51	99.07^b±8.02	98.59^y ± 7.72	124.13^b ± 9.05	126.09^b ± 9.03	125.11^y ± 9.04

	Average	77.6^c ± 6.29	89.1^d ± 7.03	83.34^w ± 6.64	103.11^c ± 8.06	117.31^d ± 9.04	110.12^z ± 8.55

Zinc	Wild	15.33^a ± 1.33	16.01^a ± 1.56	15.7^x ± 1.47	21.74^a ± 2.33	22.15^a ± 2.01	21.9^x ± 2.25

	Farm	18.67^b ± 1.24	18.87^b ± 1.88	18.76^y ± 1.56	24.35^b ± 1.98	24.88^b ± 1.45	24.56^y ± 1.87

	Average	17.0^c ± 1.29	17.44^c ± 1.73	17.22^w ± 1.52	23.05^c ± 2.16	23.52^c ± 1.72	23.22^z ± 2.06

Cooper	Wild	3.11^a ± 0.34	3.68^a ± 0.45	3.42^x ± 0.38	2.15^a ± 0.18	3.36^a ± 0.24	2.76^x ± 0.21

	Farm	1.61^b ± 0.1	1.65^b ± 0.18	1.63^y ± 0.12	2.01^a ± 0.11	2.11^b ± 0.14	2.05^y ± 0.12

	Average	2.36^c ± 0.23	2.67^c ± 0.34	2.54^z ± 0.26	2.08^c ± 0.15	2.74^d ± 0.2	2.42^z ± 0.17

Manganese	Wild	1.59^a ± 0.27	1.05^a ± 0.18	1.33^x ± 0.22	2.57^a ± 0.22	2.26^a ± 0.28	2.43^x ± 0.25

	Farm	0.83^b ± 0.12	0.7^b ± 0.09	0.77^y ± 0.1	1.02^b ± 0.16	0.99^b ± 0.11	1.01^y ± 0.12

	Average	1.22^c ± 0.2	0.88^d ± 0.11	1.05^w ± 0.15	1.8^c ± 0.19	1.63^c ± 0.2	1.72^z ± 0.18

[i] a, b – different letters in the columns for the individual muscle groups in the females and males between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

c, d – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the mean values for the males and females in particular muscle types

x, y – different letters in the columns between the average values for the individual muscle groups between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

w, z – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the average values for individual muscle types

Table 5

The content of heavy metals (mg kg⁻¹ dry matter) in the muscles of pheasants

Item	Bird origin	Breast muscle			Thigh muscle

		♂	♀	Average	♂	♀	Average
Lead	Wild	0.81^a ± 0.12	0.72^a ± 0.12	0.76^x ± 0.12	1.15^a ± 0.15	1.13^a ± 0.13	1.14^x ± 0.13

	Farm	0.35^b ± 0.12	0.35^b ± 0.11	0.35^y ± 0.11	0.58^b ± 0.14	0.65^b ± 0.12	0.61^y ± 0.13

	Average	0.57^c ± 0.12	0.54^c ± 0.12	0.55^w ± 0.12	0.86^c ± 0.13	0.88^c ± 0.12	0.87^z ± 0.12

Cadmium	Wild	0.041^a ± 0.01	0.061^a ± 0.01	0.051^x ± 0.02	0.011^a ± 0.01	0.013^a ± 0.002	0.012^x ± 0.06

	Farm	0.002^b ± 0.001	0.006^b ± 0.002	0.004^y ± 0.001	0.014^a ± 0.02	0.018^a ± 0.001	0.016^x ± 0.05

	Average	0.022^c ± 0.006	0.034^d ± 0.006	0.028^w ± 0.011	0.013^c ± 0.01	0.016^c ± 0.001	0.014^z ± 0.05

Chromium	Wild	14.14^a ± 2.04	14.88^a ± 2.15	14.51^x ± 2.09	16.66^a ± 2.46	16.12^a ± 2.32	16.38^x ± 2.41

	Farm	18.29^a ± 3.14	19.25^a ± 3.26	18.78^x ± 3.22	18.81^a ± 3.12	17.84^a ± 3.04	18.3^x ± 3.1

	Average	16.23^c ± 2.61	17.07^c ± 2.72	16.66^z ± 2.67	17.75^c ± 2.8	17.0^c ± 2.71	17.35^z ± 2.77

Nickel	Wild	4.18^a ± 1.45	4.22^a ± 1.12	4.2^x ± 1.31	7.12^a ± 4.35	7.44^a ± 3.12	7.28^x ± 2.84

	Farm	4.58^a ± 2.04	4.78^a ± 1.95	4.74^x ± 1.99	7.84^a ± 2.18	7.43^a ± 2.88	7.64^x ± 2.91

	Average	4.43^c ± 1.76	4.5^c ± 1.54	4.47^w ± 1.68	7.48^c ± 3.42	7.43^c ± 3.1	7.46^z ± 2.89

[i] a, b – different letters in the columns for the individual muscle groups in the females and males between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

c, d – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the mean values for the males and females in particular muscle types

x, y – different letters in the columns between the average values for individual muscle groups between the wild and farm birds mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

w, z – different letters in the rows mean statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 between the average values for individual muscle types

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0028 | Journal eISSN: 2450-8608 (formerly 2300-3235)

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 305 - 312

Submitted on: Jul 19, 2019

Accepted on: Apr 10, 2020

Published on: Apr 21, 2020

Published by: National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

pheasants,

chemical composition of muscles,

heavy metals,

environmental contamination

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Molecular biology,

Microbiology and virology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Veterinary medicine

© 2020 Marian Flis, Eugeniusz R. Grela, Grażyna Żukowska, Dariusz Gugała, published by National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 64 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)