Nutritional levels in manure and refused TMR
| Refused TMR | Faeces | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | Healthy | Ketosis | Healthy | Ketosis |
| DM (%) | 50.97 ± 1.98 | 49.95 ± 1.03 | 16.81 ± 1.46 | 16.37 ± 1.39 |
| Composition, % DM | ||||
| NDF | 39.66 ± 3.77 | 40.52 ± 3.71 | 50.67 ± 3.51 | 49.08 ± 2.76 |
| ADF | 21.05 ± 0.87 | 19.06 ± 0.84* | 33.77 ± 1.85 | 32.79 ± 2.02 |
| Starch | 16.43 ± 0.39 | 15.73 ± 0.37 | 2.45 ± 0.20 | 2.44 ± 0.26 |
| Crude protein | 10.99 ± 0.08 | 10.75 ± 1.09 | 2.48 ± 0.33 | 2.32 ± 0.22 |
| Crude fat | 5.81 ± 1.69 | 5.18 ± 0.46 | 0.53 ± 0.42 | 1.73 ± 0.78** |
| Total carbon | 42.53 ± 0.36 | 43.10 ± 1.73 | 41.77 ± 0.57 | 42.30 ± 2.05 |
| Ca (g/kg) | 10.57 ± 1.56 | 10.25 ± 1.23 | 5.7 ± 0.97 | 5.8 ± 0.63 |
| P (g/kg) | 4.33 ± 0.34 | 4.47 ± 0.55 | 1.63 ± 0.34 | 1.48 ± 0.27 |
| Gross energy (Mcal/kg) | 2.19 ± 0.13 | 2.12 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 0.71 ± 0.05* |
Milk production characteristics and digestive capacity
| Item | Healthy | Ketosis |
|---|---|---|
| Milk yield (kg/cow/day) | 27.56 ± 9.75 | 27.83 ± 8.11 |
| Fat yield(kg/cow/day) | 0.93 ± 0.41 | 1.18 ± 0.41* |
| Protein yield (kg/cow/day) | 0.86 ± 0.24 | 0.77 ± 0.22 |
| Lactose yield(kg/cow/day) | 1.42 ± 0.54 | 1.36 ± 0.39 |
| ECM (kg/cow/day) | 25.03 ± 8.65 | 27.31 ± 8.08 |
| DMI (kg/day) | 14.41 ± 2.54 | 11.30 ± 3.01** |
| FDM (kg/day) | 5.26 ± 1.19 | 3.24 ± 0.98** |
| ECM/DMI | 1.44 ± 0.38 | 2.15 ± 0.76** |
| FDM/DMI | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.29 ± 0.05** |
| DM digestibility (%) | 63.14 ± 7.8 | 71.41 ± 4.81** |
Components of the feed
| Ingredient, g/kg | Diet |
|---|---|
| Corn silage | 380.40 |
| Alfalfa | 50.71 |
| Oat grass | 25.35 |
| Chinese hay | 22.82 |
| Cotton seed | 32.96 |
| Soybean | 21.30 |
| Tableting corn | 32.45 |
| Concentrated feed | 234.63 |
| Water | 199.38 |
Plasma and milk variables
| Item | Healthy | Ketosis |
|---|---|---|
| Plasma samples | ||
| BHBA (mmol/L) | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 3.41 ± 1.52** |
| NEFA (mmol/L) | 0.41 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.37** |
| Glu (mmol/L) | 4.23 ± 0.58 | 2.74 ± 0.51** |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.18 ± 0.14 | 2.08 ± 0.15 * |
| AST (U/L) | 82.88 ± 13.15 | 139.03 ± 52.6** |
| ALT (U/L) | 20.56 ± 1.41 | 22.22 ± 5.52 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.21 ± 0.77 | 3.12 ± 1.09 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
| TBIL (mmol/L) | 1.79 ± 0.15 | 4.98 ± 1.52** |
| GGT (U/L) | 21.0 ± 2.4 | 42.09 ± 18.14** |
| Milk samples | ||
| Milk fat (%) | 3.35 ± 0.86 | 4.43 ± 0.88** |
| Milk protein (%) | 3.32 ± 0.38 | 2.78 ± 0.35** |
| Fat/ Protein | 1.04 ± 0.31 | 1.55 ± 0.34** |
| Milk lactose (%) | 5.12 ± 0.3 | 4.91 ± 0.21** |
| Nonfat milk solids (%) | 9.2 ± 0.44 | 8.79 ± 0.53** |
| Dry matter (%) | 12.79 ± 2.99 | 13.35 ± 1.26 |
| Milk urea (mg of MUN/dL) | 15.05 ± 4.97 | 17.01 ± 2.88 |
| Milk citrate (mmol/L) | 8.63 ± 1.43 | 11.45 ± 1.93** |