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Seed Source Effects on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Carrots Under Natural Farming Cover

Seed Source Effects on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Carrots Under Natural Farming

Journal of Horticultural Research
Volume 29 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)
By:
Open Access
|Oct 2021

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Daily temperature and precipitation during the three growing seasons (data from the Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment)
Daily temperature and precipitation during the three growing seasons (data from the Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment)

Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on aboveground parameters including leaf fresh weight, leaf count, and R : S

TreatmentLeaf fresh weight (g per plant)Leaf countR : S ratio (g·g−1)
2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn
Method (M)
CT-7.48±5.42bc10.10±6.81a7.31±1.21a6.70±1.44bc5.24±1.37a-1.12±0.60ab4.18±1.86a
CF-48.60±22.60a28.83±12.41a7.92±0.84a9.43±1.20a6.48±0.94a-1.43±0.61a3.72±1.67a
NF1-27.02±12.22ab21.11±9.68a7.98±0.54a8.29±1.12ab6.02±1.04a-1.59±0.50a4.38±1.88a
NF2-2.45±2.53c5.64±4.12a5.66±1.18a5.00±0.92c5.35±0.67a-0.61±0.32b2.79±1.57a
Significance-***ns**ns-**ns
Seed source (S)
HB-12.84±10.94b10.97±6.84b7.03±1.20a6.69±1.57b5.02±0.70b-1.74±0.69a5.78±1.58a
OPC-25.79±27.56a20.44±15.40a7.26±1.38a7.29±2.31ab6.09±1.27a-0.96±0.36b2.84±0.74b
OPN-25.54±24.31a17.85±12.72a7.80±1.16a8.08±2.08a6.21±0.95a-0.86±0.36b2.69±0.69b
Significance-****ns****-******
M × S interactions-nsnsnsnsns-nsns

Fertilizer input under CF treatment

Type of fertilizerApplication dateComponents (kg · a−1)
201720182018NP2O5K2O
Compound fertilizer (CDU555)July 11Feb. 28July 11404040
Magnesium multi-phosphate (Kudo-Jyusho-Rin)July 11Feb. 28July 110400
Compound fertilizer (NH-Kasei-2)Sept. 8May 10Sept. 1240040

Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on leaf length during the growth period

Treatment2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn
1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd1st2nd3rd
Method (M)
CT19.38±6.95ab22.77±8.69ab22.61±9.80a7.84±2.91b11.60±5.19b19.94±7.92bc21.13±4.71ab22.98±6.04ab23.50±6.76ab
CF23.85±6.74a29.65±8.33a30.45±8.98a20.92±4.55a31.98±6.00a44.71±6.24a33.61±6.53a38.07±6.74a39.03±6.19a
NF127.90±5.44a33.98±5.46a34.76±6.05a16.64±4.18a26.50±6.60a37.15±6.61ab30.63±3.12a34.26±3.76ab34.98±3.45ab
NF27.66±3.93b8.64±4.17b9.53±4.67a6.17±1.67b8.11±3.11b12.97±6.00c15.72±4.28b17.77±5.17b17.67±5.77b
Significance****************
Seed source (S)
HB21.35±7.11a25.20±9.03a24.91±9.75a11.92±5.53a17.76±8.74a25.50±11.40b24.44±7.82a26.94±8.74a27.05±9.26b
OPC19.55±10.16a24.25±12.90a24.61±13.97a13.34±7.92a20.70±13.05a30.42±16.43a27.09±9.58a30.26±11.17a30.75±11.65a
OPN20.32±10.80a24.52±12.98a27.53±12.05a13.42±7.95a20.18±12.53a30.16±15.77a24.28±8.84a27.62±10.12a28.58±10.31ab
Significancensnsnsnsns*nsns*
M × S interactionsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns

Names of the cultivar and seed supply

Year2017 autumn2018 spring and autumn
Seed sourceCultivarSeed supplyCultivarSeed supply
HB‘Kouyounigou’Takii & Co.‘Kouyounigou’Takii & Co.
OPC‘Kuroda-gosun’Noguchi Seed Co.‘Chikumano-gosun’International Nature Farming Research Center
OPN‘Kuroda-gosun’Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment‘Chikumano-gosun’Institute for Agriculture, Medicine, and the Environment

Cultivation and sampling schedule

2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn
Sowing dateJuly 26–27Mar. 16–17July 20–21
Germination survey dateAug. 16Mar. 27July 27
Thinning date1st Sept. 11st Apr. 301st Aug. 28
2nd Sept. 272nd May 102nd Sept. 23
3rd Oct. 103rd May 253rd Oct. 6
Growth survey date1st Sept. 291st May 291st Sept. 23
2nd Oct. 132nd June 112nd Oct. 7
3rd Oct. 273rd June 253rd Oct. 21
Yield survey dateNov. 8–10June 28–30Nov. 2–4

Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on belowground parameters including root fresh weight, root length, and root maximum diameter

TreatmentRoot fresh weight (g per plant)Root length (cm)Root maximum diameter (mm)
2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn2017 autumn2018 spring2018 autumn
Method (M)
CT46.67±35.70a9.20±8.47b38.07±21.61ab10.06±2.82a7.40±2.90ab10.21±2.84a25.77±10.28a13.40±5.36b24.31±6.90a
CF72.11±38.02a61.63±19.13a97.05±30.99a11.98±2.46a13.32±2.44a13.46±1.28a32.20±9.58a33.13±5.13a37.02±5.70a
NF190.43±26.80a39.80±13.54a81.10±20.79a12.14±1.63a10.96±1.78a12.18±1.39a37.57±5.88a27.63±4.60a35.75±3.74a
NF26.42±7.07a1.82±2.12b18.60±18.94b4.77±2.12a3.49±2.03b7.27±2.22a11.76±5.55a6.78±3.76b17.64±8.95a
Significance***************
Seed source (S)
HB70.57±44.51a27.65±25.20a66.95±42.79a10.88±3.69a9.63±4.93a11.15±3.04a32.28±11.82a20.66±11.51a31.79±10.57a
OPC46.62±43.12b29.74±31.29a59.82±41.22a9.21±3.59b8.41±4.30a10.75±3.49a24.10±12.52b20.40±12.38a28.03±10.86ab
OPN57.49±38.16ab26.94±26.93a49.35±34.50a10.48±3.38ab8.34±4.13a10.45±2.87a28.21±11.34ab19.66±12.11a26.22±9.62b
Significance**nsns*nsns**ns**
M × S interactionsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns

Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on germination rate (%) in autumn 2017

Method (M)
CT CF NF1 NF2
Seed source (S)
HB48.78 ± 22.84a39.11 ± 20.51a30.94 ± 12.13a1.05 ± 1.55b
OPC37.72 ± 14.52a34.44 ± 11.72a32.39 ± 0.98a0.11 ± 0.09b
OPN41.44 ± 3.26a36.22 ± 8.32a38.94 ± 7.71a8.94 ± 5.86a

Soil properties of the field

pHElectric conductivity (mS·cm−1)Cation exchange capacity (cmolc · kg−1)Total C (%)Total N (%)C/NPhosphate absorption coefficient (g · kg−1)Available phosphate (mg · kg−1)Exchangeable cations (g · kg−1)
K2OCaOMgO
6.220.03227.02.780.348.120.76.60.771.330.40

Effects of cultivation methods and seed sources on germination rate (%)

Treatment2017 autumn2017 spring2018 autumn
Method (M)
CT42.65 ± 14.47a14.30 ± 12.39a29.20 ± 20.68a
CF36.59 ± 12.69a20.85 ± 22.61a44.76 ± 32.21a
NF134.09 ± 8.09a20.59 ± 20.46a32.61 ± 26.93a
NF23.37 ± 5.18b11.65 ± 13.14a27.40 ± 19.41a
Significance***nsns
Seed source (S)
HB29.97 ± 23.37b0.38 ± 0.36c3.97 ± 4.83b
OPC26.17 ± 17.73b15.55 ± 8.36b44.06 ± 15.80a
OPN31.39 ± 14.78a34.62 ± 15.91a52.45 ± 16.72a
Significance*********
M × S interactions***nsns
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2021-0014 | Journal eISSN: 2353-3978 | Journal ISSN: 2300-5009
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Language: English
Page range: 117 - 126
Submitted on: Dec 1, 2020
Accepted on: Jun 1, 2021
Published on: Oct 26, 2021
Published by: National Institute of Horticultural Research
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year
Keywords:
epigenetic variation,
maternal environment effect,
natural farming,
no-tillage system,
seed germination
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Biotechnology,
Plant science,
Ecology,
Life sciences, other

© 2021 You Katsu, Kotaro Kato, Shuji Abe, Kae Miyazawa, published by National Institute of Horticultural Research
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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