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Independent Evaluation of Rootstock Resistance and Endophytic Bacteria for Managing Citrus Nematode Cover

Independent Evaluation of Rootstock Resistance and Endophytic Bacteria for Managing Citrus Nematode

Journal of Nematology
Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)
By: Seyedeh Najmeh Banihashemian,  Seyedeh Negin Mirghasemi,  Ali Seraji,  Hadi Karimipour Fard and  Salar Jamali  
Open Access
|Jan 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Reaction of citrus rootstocks to infection by T. semipenetrans. (A) Number of females on roots; (B) number of J2s in the soil. Different letters denote statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the SEM. SEM, standard error of the mean.
Reaction of citrus rootstocks to infection by T. semipenetrans. (A) Number of females on roots; (B) number of J2s in the soil. Different letters denote statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the SEM. SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 2:

Growth parameters of plants in response to infection by T. semipenetrans. (A) Fresh root weight; (B) dry root weight; (C) fresh shoot weight; and (D) dry shoot weight. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the SEM. SEM, standard error of the mean.
Growth parameters of plants in response to infection by T. semipenetrans. (A) Fresh root weight; (B) dry root weight; (C) fresh shoot weight; and (D) dry shoot weight. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Error bars represent the SEM. SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 3:

Relationships between the number of T. semipenetrans females and percentage of reductions in fresh and dry root (A) and shoot (B) weights of citrus plants. See the key within the figure for symbol and line identifications.
Relationships between the number of T. semipenetrans females and percentage of reductions in fresh and dry root (A) and shoot (B) weights of citrus plants. See the key within the figure for symbol and line identifications.

Figure 4:

Antagonistic effects of B. safensis strain Q.en and P. chlororaphis strain P.en against T. semipenetrans in citrus under greenhouse conditions. (A) Number of females per gram of root. (B) Number of second-stage juveniles (J2s) per 200 g of soil. Different letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05). Data are means of five replicates repeated twice independently (n = 10). Error bars represent the SEM. Untreated (nematode-inoculated); B + N = B. safensis + Nematode; P + N = P. chlororaphis + Nematode. SEM, standard error of the mean.
Antagonistic effects of B. safensis strain Q.en and P. chlororaphis strain P.en against T. semipenetrans in citrus under greenhouse conditions. (A) Number of females per gram of root. (B) Number of second-stage juveniles (J2s) per 200 g of soil. Different letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05). Data are means of five replicates repeated twice independently (n = 10). Error bars represent the SEM. Untreated (nematode-inoculated); B + N = B. safensis + Nematode; P + N = P. chlororaphis + Nematode. SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 5:

Effects of B. safensis strain Q.en and P. chlororaphis strain P.en on citrus growth parameters under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications that were repeated two times independently (n = 10). Error bars represent the SEM. Untreated (nematode-inoculated); B + N = B. safensis + Nematode; P + N = P. chlororaphis + Nematode. SEM, standard error of the mean.
Effects of B. safensis strain Q.en and P. chlororaphis strain P.en on citrus growth parameters under greenhouse conditions. Different letters denote significant differences (P < 0.05). Data are the mean of five replications that were repeated two times independently (n = 10). Error bars represent the SEM. Untreated (nematode-inoculated); B + N = B. safensis + Nematode; P + N = P. chlororaphis + Nematode. SEM, standard error of the mean.

Rating scale for evaluating the level of resistance/susceptibility of citrus rootstocks based on the number of female nematodes per gram of root_

ScaleNumber of T. semipenetrans females/gram of rootResistance rating
00Immune (I)
11–10Resistant (R)
211–30MR
331–60MS
461–100Susceptible (S)
5>100HS
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0064 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Submitted on: Jul 9, 2025
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Published on: Jan 31, 2026
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
citrus nematode,
ecofriendly,
integrated management,
sustainable agriculture
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2026 Seyedeh Najmeh Banihashemian, Seyedeh Negin Mirghasemi, Ali Seraji, Hadi Karimipour Fard, Salar Jamali, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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