Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Description of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a new member of the X. americanum-group from Bali, Indonesia Cover

Description of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a new member of the X. americanum-group from Bali, Indonesia

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Line drawings of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. (A–E): A) anterior body part; B) anterior genital branch; C–E variation in tails shape. Pictures A–C illustrate the holotype. Scale bar: 10μm.
Line drawings of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. (A–E): A) anterior body part; B) anterior genital branch; C–E variation in tails shape. Pictures A–C illustrate the holotype. Scale bar: 10μm.

Figure 2:

Light microphotographs of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. females (A–L): A) odontostyle region; B–D) variation in lip shape; E) amphidial aperture and fovea; F) pharyngeal bulb; G, H) vulva; I–L) variation in tail shapes. Pictures A, C, F, H, and L illustrate the holotype. Scale bar: 10μm.
Light microphotographs of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. females (A–L): A) odontostyle region; B–D) variation in lip shape; E) amphidial aperture and fovea; F) pharyngeal bulb; G, H) vulva; I–L) variation in tail shapes. Pictures A, C, F, H, and L illustrate the holotype. Scale bar: 10μm.

Figure 3:

Light microphotographs of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. juveniles (A–H): A–D) anterior end and tails of J1–J4, respectively. Scale bar: 10μm.
Light microphotographs of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. juveniles (A–H): A–D) anterior end and tails of J1–J4, respectively. Scale bar: 10μm.

Figure 4:

Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (GTR + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are provided for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate clade associations within the Longidorus species analyzed in this study.
Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (GTR + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are provided for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate clade associations within the Longidorus species analyzed in this study.

Figure 5:

Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from ITS1 rRNA gene sequence alignment under the transitional model with invariable sites and gamma distribution (TIM3 + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate clade associations within the Longidorus species analyzed in this study.
Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from ITS1 rRNA gene sequence alignment under the transitional model with invariable sites and gamma distribution (TIM3 + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate clade associations within the Longidorus species analyzed in this study.

Figure 6:

Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (GTR + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate the clade association within Xiphinema americanum-group species analyzed in this study.
Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequence alignment under the general time-reversible model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (GTR + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate the clade association within Xiphinema americanum-group species analyzed in this study.

Figure 7:

Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from COI mtDNA gene sequence alignment under the one-parameter model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (TPM3uf + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate the clade association within Xiphinema americanum-group species analyzed in this study.
Phylogenetic relationships of Xiphinema baliense sp. nov. within Xiphinema americanum-group. Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree as inferred from COI mtDNA gene sequence alignment under the one-parameter model with invariable sites and gamma distribution model (TPM3uf + I + G). Posterior probabilities greater than 0.70 are reported for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences in this are shown in bold. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site, and the colored boxes indicate the clade association within Xiphinema americanum-group species analyzed in this study.

Morphometrics of Xiphinema baliense sp_ nov_ from Bali_ Except body length (mm), all measurements in μm and in format mean ± standard deviation (range)_

Trait*HolotypeHolotype + paratype femalesFemales for molecular analyses**J1J2J3J4
1463356
L2.22.1 ± 0.09 (2.0–2.4)2.2 ± 0.05 (2.1–2.3)0.74 (0.7–0.77)1.0 (0.9–1.2)1.3 ± 0.05 (1.2–1.3)1.7 ± 0.09 (1.6–1.9)
a55.052.7 ± 2.1 (49–57)61.1 ± 3.0 (57–64)37.7 (35–39)41.4 (39–43)43.3 ± 2.52 (40–48)49.5 ± 4.8 (44–59)
b6.36 ± 0.4 (5.3–6.6)6.5 ± 0.41 (5.8–6.9)3.7 (3.3–4.3)3.7 (3.2–4.3)4.2 ± 0.24 (3.8–4.5)4.7 ± 0.1 (4.6–4.8)
c74.077 ± 3.7 (71–86)71.9 ± 3.4 (68–77)20.7 (19.7–21)25.6 (23–30)34.4 ± 2.48 (30–38)49.8 ± 3.97 (42–54)
c′1.21.1 ± 0.08 (1–1.24)1.2 ± 0.11 (1.1–1.3)2.75 (2.57–3)2.33 (2.1–2.5)1.9 ± 0.17 (1.7–2.2)1.48 ± 0.12 (1.36–1.68)
V53.053 ± 1 (52–55)52 ± 0.9 (50–53)----
Odontostyle length112113 ± 3.52 (106–118)110 ± 4.6 (102–115)50 (43–54)69.3 (64–72)84.2 ± 6.6 (76–95)97.3 ± 4.23 (92–106)
Odontophore length6058.7 (55–62)55.1 ± 2.8 (52–60)---
Total stylet length172172 ± 3.7 (165–178)165.1 ± 6.5 (155–172)---
Replacement odontostyle---61 (51–66)87.7 (74–98)99.2 ± 4.4 (95–107)115.7 ± 3.25 (111–119)
Anterior end to guide ring10399.3 ± 2.75 (96–103)89.2 ± 4.8 (80–94)---
Tail length30.027.9 ± 1.78 (24–31)30.4 ± 1.59 (29–33)35.7 (35–36)39.3 (38–40)36.6 ± 2.65 (33–40)34 ± 2.89 (30–39)
Hyaline part of tail length7.06.9 ± 0.83 (6–8)12.3 ± 0.4 (12–13)---
Width at level of:
lip region12.012 ± 0.0 (12–12)11.4 ± 0.4 (11–12)9 (9–9)9.3 (9–10)10.2 ± 0.4 (10–11)10.7 ± 0.47 (10–11)
vulva or mid-body40.040.6 ± 1.8 (37–45)35.8 ± 1.9 (34–39)19.7 (18–21)24.3 (22–28)29 ± 2.45 (25–32)34.3 ± 3.54 (28–39)
Anus25.027.8 ± 1.76 (24–31)25.4 ± 2.1 (22–28)13 (12–14)17 (16–19)19.2 ± 0.98 (18–20)23 ± 2.16 (19–26)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0060 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 27, 2025
|
Published on: Dec 29, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Franciszek Kornobis, Pablo Castillo, Antonio Archidona-Yuste, Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A. Pratama, Natalia Osten-Sacken, Grażyna Winiszewska, Wiktoria Szydło, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.