Rotylenchulus reniformis Management and Vertical Distribution in Summer-Winter Crop Rotations Including Carinata

Rotation^a	Year 1 (2017–18)		Year 2 (2018–19)		Year 3 (2019–20)		Year 4 (2020–21)
Rotation^a	Summer 1	Winter 1	Summer 2	Winter 2	Summer 3	Winter 3	Summer 4	Winter 4
1	Corn	Fallow	Soybean	Fallow	Cotton	Fallow	Peanut	Fallow
2	Soybean		Cotton		Peanut		Corn
3	Peanut		Corn		Soybean		Cotton
4	Cotton		Peanut		Corn		Soybean
5	Corn	Fallow	Soybean	Carinata	Cotton	Fallow	Peanut	Carinata
6	Soybean		Cotton		Peanut		Corn
7	Peanut		Corn		Soybean		Cotton
8	Cotton		Peanut		Corn		Soybean
9	Corn	Carinata	Soybean	Oat	Cotton	Carinata	Peanut	Oat
10	Soybean		Cotton		Peanut		Corn
11	Peanut		Corn		Soybean		Cotton
12	Cotton		Peanut		Corn		Soybean

a Individual rotation treatments (rows) were on the same replicated plots during the entire study.

Table 2:

Planting and harvest dates for summer and winter rotation combinations each year in a field trial near Quincy, FL.

Season	Crop	Planting 1	Planting 2	Harvest 1	Harvest 2	Soil sampling for nematodes
Summer 1 (2017)^a	Cotton	28 April 17	14 June 17	27 September 17	29 November 17	4–5 December 17
	Peanut	08 May 17	12 June 17	27 September 17	01 November 17
	Soybean	22 May 17	14 June 17	20 November 17	20 November 17
	Corn	05 April 17	12 June 17	16 August 17	29 October 17
Winter 1 (2017–18)	Carinata	13 December 17		04 June 18		5–6 June 18
	Oat
Summer 2 (2018)^a	Corn	05 April 18	12 June 18	16 August 18	29 October 18	19–20 November 18
	Cotton	27 April 18	06 June 18	08 October 18	31 October 18
	Peanut	04 May 18	12 June 18	04 October 18	29 October 18
	Soybean	24 May 18	11 June 18	19 November 18	19 November 18
Winter 2 (2018–19)	Carinata	08 January 19		29 May 19		3–4 June 19
	Oat	13 December 18		12 March 19
Summer 3 (2019)^a	Corn	18 March 19	10 June 19	05 August 19	27 September 19	14–15 November 19
	Cotton	29 April 19	10 June 19	27 September 19	29 May 19
	Peanut	09 May 19	10 June 19	01 October 19	25 October 19
	Soybean	17 May 19	10 June 19	15 November 19	15 November 19
Winter 3 (2019–20)	Carinata	16 December 19		19 May 20		27–28 May 20
	Oat
Summer 4 (2020)^a	Corn	13 March 20	22 May 20	15 July 20	9 September 20	13 November 20
	Cotton	22 March 20	22 May 20	08 October 20	5 November 20
	Peanut	05 May 20	22 May 20	06 October 20	26 October 20
	Soybean	11 May 20	22 May 20	9 November 20	9 November 20
Winter 4 (2020–21)	Carinata	17 November 20		17 May 21		20 May 21
	Oat	24 November 20		12 March 21

a Planting 1 and harvest 1 correspond to the crop planting/harvest after the winter rotation with fallow or oat.

Planting 2 and harvest 2 correspond to the crop planting/harvest after carinata.

Table 3:

Monthly environmental conditions at the field trial site during the study.^a

	Month	Jan^b	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
2017	Rainfall + irrigation (cm)				0.3	0.5	0.8	3.3	3.3	0.3	1.7	0.0	0.3
	Air T (°C)				20.4	22.8	24.6	26.3	26.3	24.2	20.8	15.5	12.2
	Soil T (°C)				21.6	24.3	25.3	26.8	26.7	24.7	22.4	17.1	12.9
2018	Rainfall + irrigation (cm)	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.2	3.2	3.7	3.7	2.2	2.2	0.4	0.7	0.9
	Air T (°C)	8.2	17.6	14.7	18.1	23.7	26.1	26.2	25.7	26.1	22.1	14.2	12.8
	Soil T (°C)	8.9	15.9	15.4	18.9	24.6	26.4	26.7	26.1	26.4	22.3	14.7	12.2
2019	Rainfall + irrigation (cm)	1.0	0.1	1.7	0.5	4.6	0.4	2.0	2.2	6.8	0.4	0.1	0.4
	Air T (°C)	11.2	16.5	15.3	19.0	24.6	26.2	26.1	26.4	26.4	22.5	13.4	13.4
	Soil T (°C)	10.9	14.9	16.0	19.4	26.1	27.2	27.2	27.1	27.2	23.1	14.2	12.8
2020	Rainfall + irrigation (cm)	0.2	0.5	1.7	0.4	4.9	1.8	4.5	1.9	1.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
	Air T (°C)	13.0	14.2	20.3	20.0	22.7	25.8	26.7	26.7	24.6	22.1	18.1	10.3
	Soil T (°C)	12.5	13.1	18.8	20.7	23.7	25.6	27.0	27.4	23.8	21.2	17.2	9.7
2021	Rainfall + irrigation (cm)	0.6	0.6	0.3
	Air T (°C)	11.4	13.1	14.0
	Soil T (°C)	10.4	12.2	14.2

a Data are provided from the FAWN weather station at University of Florida North Florida Research and Education Center near Quincy, FL. https://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/.

b Rainfall and irrigation are total per month. Soil and air temperatures are monthly averages.

FAWN, Florida Automated Weather Network.

Table 4:

Influence of winter rotation, summer crop, and depth in soil profile on Rotylenchulus reniformis soil abundances based on P-values from ANOVA.

Main factors	Summer 1	Winter 1	Summer 2	Winter 2	Summer 3	Winter 3	Summer 4	Winter 4
Winter rotation (W)	0.42	0.09^*	0.33	0.11	0.52	0.93	1.96E−03^***	0.63
Summer crop (S)	0.04^**	2.73E−03^***	4.19E−06^***	6.3E−05^***	0.01^**	4.36E−03^***	0.06^*	0.03^**
Depth (D)	0.10^*	1.96E−03^***	5.73E−11^***	3.32−05^***	0.73	0.02^**	1.88E−08^***	0.06^*
Interactions
W × S	0.96	0.88	0.02^**	0.08^*	0.7	0.58	0.83	0.42
W × D	0.66	0.86	0.17	0.25	0.08^*	0.25	2.47E−04^***	0.71
S × D	0.19	0.78	0.74	0.2	2.08E−03^***	0.05^**	0.01^***	0.06^*
W × S × D	0.55	0.84	0.3	0.67	1	0.7	0.11	0.42

*** P-value ≤0.01,

** P-value ≤0.05,

* P-value ≤0.1, and blank = P-value >0.1.

*Rotylenchulus reniformis* (RN) soil abundance by season at 0–30 cm and 30–120 cm, as affected by depth. Mean values and standard errors are presented. Asterisks above the mean denote significant differences between soil depths, within each season, based on ANOVA, P-value ≤0.01 (^***), P-value ≤0.05 (^**), P-value ≤0.1 (^*). “Summer” and “Winter” indicate soil samples collected at harvest of summer and winter crops, respectively. The number following a season indicates the year during study when sampling took place. Error bars represent standard errors.

Interactive effects of soil depth and winter crop rotation on *Rotylenchulus reniformis* (RN) soil abundances from sampling around harvest of summer crops in Year 4 of field study. “Ca-F,” “F-F,” and “O-Ca” are 2-yr winter rotations of carinata-fallow, fallow-fallow, and oats-carinata, respectively. Letters next to means denote significant differences among treatments, within a depth in the soil profile, based on Fisher's protected LSD, P-value ≤0.05. ^*Indicates significant depth effects (ANOVA, P < 0.05) within the given winter rotation. Error bars represent standard errors.

Table 5:

Effect of summer crop on Rotylenchulus reniformis (RN) soil abundances (nematodes/100 cm³ soil) at different depths in the soil profile across seasons.

Summer crop	Depth (cm)	RN/100 cm³ soil^a	Summer crop	Depth (cm)	RN/100 cm³ soil
Summer 3
Corn	0–30	1,771 b	Corn	30–120	2,045 B
Cotton	0–30	3,944 a	Cotton	30–120	4,033 A
Peanut	0–30	1,277 b^*	Peanut	30–120	4,963 A^*
Soybean	0–30	2,180 ab	Soybean	30–120	2,283 B
Winter 3
Corn	0–30	672 b	Corn	30–120	506 B
Cotton	0–30	2,152 a	Cotton	30–120	2,153 A
Peanut	0–30	638 b^*	Peanut	30–120	1,256 A^*
Soybean	0–30	669 ab	Soybean	30–120	461 B
Summer 4
Corn	0–30	776 c^*	Corn	30–120	643 B^*
Cotton	0–30	6,005 a	Cotton	30–120	4,624 A
Peanut	0–30	783 c	Peanut	30–120	1,315 AB
Soybean	0–30	2,159 b^*	Soybean	30–120	1,038 AB^*
Winter 4
Corn	0–30	956 b	Corn	30–120	617 B
Cotton	0–30	4,233 a	Cotton	30–120	1,345 A
Peanut	0–30	1,003 b	Peanut	30–120	1,543 A
Soybean	0–30	1,485 ab	Soybean	30–120	1,238 A

a Lowercase and uppercase letters indicate significant differences among summer crops (Fisher's protected LSD, α = 0.05) within each depth and season.

* Indicates significant differences between depths within a given crop and season (ANOVA, P < 0.05).

*Rotylenchulus reniformis* (RN) soil abundances by season, as affected by winter rotation. Mean values and standard errors are presented. Letters next to means denote significant differences among treatments, within each season, based on Fisher's protected LSD, P-value ≤0.05. Letters at the top of the graph (Ca: carinata, F: fallow, O: oat) represent the winter crop present for the corresponding winter season, for Ca-F, F-F, and O-Ca rotations, respectively. “Summer” and “Winter” indicate soil samples collected at harvest of summer and winter crops, respectively. The number following a season indicates the year during study when sampling took place. Error bars represent standard errors.

Table 6:

Effects of winter rotation and summer crop on Rotylenchulus reniformis (RN) soil abundances across seasons.

Summer crop	Winter rotation^a	RN/100 cm³ soil^b	Winter rotation	RN/100 cm³ soil	Winter rotation	RN/100 cm³ soil
Corn	Ca-F	1,181 b Y	F-F	1,956 Y	O-Ca	43 c Z
Cotton	Ca-F	3,292 a	F-F	2,153	O-Ca	3,841 a
Peanut	Ca-F	900 b	F-F	1,294	O-Ca	791 b
Soybean	Ca-F	450 b	F-F	1,456	O-Ca	793 b
	Winter 2
Corn	Ca-F	550 b Y	F-F	1,277 Y	O-Ca	155 b Z
Cotton	Ca-F	2,791 a	F-F	2,250	O-Ca	1,561 a
Peanut	Ca-F	487 b	F-F	610	O-Ca	600 a
Soybean	Ca-F	563 b	F-F	819	O-Ca	420 a

a “Ca-F”, “F-F”, and “O-Ca” are 2-yr winter rotations of carinata-fallow, fallow-fallow, and oats-carinata, respectively.

b Lowercase letters indicate significant differences among summer crops (Fisher's protected LSD, α = 0.05) within a given season and winter rotation. Uppercase letters indicate significant differences among winter rotations within a given summer crop and season. Means were separated by Fisher's protected LSD (α = 0.05).

*Rotylenchulus reniformis* (RN) soil abundances by season, as affected by summer crop. Mean values and standard errors are presented. Letters next to means denote significant differences among treatments, within each season, based on Fisher's protected LSD, P-value ≤0.05. “Summer” and “Winter” indicate soil samples collected at harvest of summer and winter crops, respectively. The number following a season indicates the year during study when sampling took place. Error bars represent standard errors.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0052 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: May 30, 2025

Published on: Nov 17, 2025

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

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© 2025 Rebeca Sandoval Ruiz, Ramdeo Seepaul, Ian M. Small, Zane J. Grabau, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 57 (2025): Issue 1 (February 2025)

Rotylenchulus reniformis Management and Vertical Distribution in Summer-Winter Crop Rotations Including Carinata

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