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Systemic Activity and Phytotoxicity of Fluensulfone in Vegetable Transplants Infected by Meloidogyne incognita Cover

Systemic Activity and Phytotoxicity of Fluensulfone in Vegetable Transplants Infected by Meloidogyne incognita

Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Average (n=15) phytotoxicity symptom ratings (scale 0-5: 0 = no symptoms, 5 = plant dead) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, or 12 g/liter or applied as a soil drench at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/liter) 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test.
Average (n=15) phytotoxicity symptom ratings (scale 0-5: 0 = no symptoms, 5 = plant dead) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, or 12 g/liter or applied as a soil drench at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/liter) 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test.

Figure 2:

Average (n=15) root galling index (scale 0–10: 0 = no galling, 10 = 100% of roots with galls) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, 12 g/liter, or applied as a 100 ml soil drench at 0.022 g/liter. Plants were inoculated with 2,000 Meloidogyne incognita J2 per 1 liter pot 2 days after treatments and evaluated 6 weeks after treatments. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars within the same plant cultivar indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test. x = missing (dead) plants.
Average (n=15) root galling index (scale 0–10: 0 = no galling, 10 = 100% of roots with galls) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, 12 g/liter, or applied as a 100 ml soil drench at 0.022 g/liter. Plants were inoculated with 2,000 Meloidogyne incognita J2 per 1 liter pot 2 days after treatments and evaluated 6 weeks after treatments. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars within the same plant cultivar indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test. x = missing (dead) plants.

Figure 3:

Average (n=5) percent mortality, 5 days after treatments, of Meloidogyne incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of fluensulfone (3, 6 and 12 g/liter). UTC = untreated control. Three replicated experiments were done. Error bars are ±SE. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences within the same experiment at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.
Average (n=5) percent mortality, 5 days after treatments, of Meloidogyne incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of fluensulfone (3, 6 and 12 g/liter). UTC = untreated control. Three replicated experiments were done. Error bars are ±SE. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences within the same experiment at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.

Figure 4:

Average (n=15) percent mortality of M. incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of 6 g/liter fluensulfone at different time intervals after application. UTC = untreated control. Error bars are ±SE, * indicate significant differences within the same time interval at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.
Average (n=15) percent mortality of M. incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of 6 g/liter fluensulfone at different time intervals after application. UTC = untreated control. Error bars are ±SE, * indicate significant differences within the same time interval at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.

Supplement Figure 1:

Phytotoxic effects on vegetable crops treated with fluensulfone as drench application (DA) at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/L ai), and as foliar spray at 3, 6, and 12g/liter. UTC = untreated control. Plants evaluated 7 days after treatments. A) Tomato cv. Daniela; B) Eggplant cv. Black Beauty; C) Cantaloupe cv. Durango; D) Bell pepper cv. Baron; E) Chili pepper cv. Thai Dragon; F) Bell pepper cv. Sweet Mini Pepper.
Phytotoxic effects on vegetable crops treated with fluensulfone as drench application (DA) at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/L ai), and as foliar spray at 3, 6, and 12g/liter. UTC = untreated control. Plants evaluated 7 days after treatments. A) Tomato cv. Daniela; B) Eggplant cv. Black Beauty; C) Cantaloupe cv. Durango; D) Bell pepper cv. Baron; E) Chili pepper cv. Thai Dragon; F) Bell pepper cv. Sweet Mini Pepper.

Average (n=5) dry shoot weight (± SE) of three vegetable crops treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

CropTreatmentExp 1Exp 2Exp 3Average
Tomato cv. DanielaUTC74.1±6.0 a158.5±10.1 a24.1±0.9 a52.2±6.7 a
3 g/liter55.8±5.5 ab19.7±4.1 b19.5±1.6 b32.5±5.1 b
6 g/liter35.4±8.5 c6.2±1.7 b14.4±1.7 c19.5±4.3 c
12 g/liter14.2±5.6 d3.7±0.2 b4.3±1.6 d8.1±2.3 d
Drench50.8±5.8 bc64.2±10.5 a24.9±0.2 a46.6±5.7 a
P-value <0.001<0.001<0.001<0.00 1

Eggplant cv. Black BeautyUTC31.6±4.9 a38.8±7.8 a17.5±1.3 a29.3±3.7 a
3 g/L3.7±2.0 c-29.6±0.7 b6.7±1.1 b
6 g/L13.1±4.5 bc-3.0±0.8 c8.0±2.2 b
12 g/L----
Drench22.8±2.7 ab37.1±7.8 a13.7±1.9 a24.6±3.7 a
P-value <0.0010.88<0.001<0.001

Melon cv. DurangoUTC22.2±4.9 a24.4±0.6 a15.8±1.7 a20.5±1.9 a
3 g/L----
6 g/L----
12 g/L----
Drench18.4±3.6 a32.1±4.0 a18.8±0.7 a22.5±2.3 a
P-value 0.550.140.150.47

Average (n=5) Meloidogyne incognita root infestation (J2/g root ± SE) of three vegetable crops treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

CropTreatmentExp 1Exp 2Exp 3Average
Tomato cv. DanielaUTC153±33 a125±4 a81±16 a86±18 a
3 g/liter38±18 b2±1 b11±1 b18±7 b
6 g/liter3±2 c1±1 b9±3 b5±1 b
12 g/liter1±0 c2±1 b0±0 d1±0 d
Drench4±1 c0±0 b3±1 c2±1 c
P-value <0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001

Eggplant cv. Black BeautyUTC650±87 a24±5 a249±85 a308±79 a
3 g/L8±4 b-20±0 b4±2 b
6 g/L5±3 bc-0±0 b2±1 b
12 g/L-2---
Drench0±0 c2±1 b1±0 b1±0 b
P-value <0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001

Melon cv. DurangoUTC196±84 a61±9 a795±127 a371±99 a
3 g/L----
6 g/L----
12 g/L----
Drench37±12 b13±2 b313±37 b129±39 b
P-value 0.0140.00140.00250.0163

Average (n=5) Meloidogyne incognita root infestation (J2/g root ± SE) of three pepper cultivars treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

CultivarTreatmentExp 1Exp 2Exp 3Average
BaronUTC1,119±125 a1160±39 a404±52 a561±117 a
3 g/liter128±45 b45±19 bc31±14 b68±19 b
6 g/liter149±52 b11±7 cd25±5 b62±23 b
12 g/liter6±3 c4±2 d11±4 c7±2 c
Drench0±0 d35±6 ab3±1 c12±5 c
P-value 0.0350.0140.039<0.001

Thai DragonUTC0±0 a0±028±17 a10±6 a
3 g/liter44±44 a0±02±2 a16±15 a
6 g/liter12±12 a0±00±0 a4±4 a
12 g/liter0±0 a0±00±0 a0±0 a
Drench0±0 a0±00±0 a0±0 a
P-value 0.63NA0.330.36

Sweet MiniUTC80±23 a-2881±285 a525±196 a
3 g/liter8±3 b-80±34 ab44±29 b
6 g/liter5±4 bc-5±4 b5±4 bc
12 g/liter-2-0±0 b0±0 c
Drench0±0 c-2±2 b1±1 c
P-value 0.047NA0.23<0.001

Average (n=5) dry shoot weight (± SE) of three pepper cultivars treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

CultivarTreatmentExp 1Exp 2Exp 3Average
BaronUTC10.6±2.2 a17.8±2.8 ab7.4±0.7 ab8.6±1.2 a
3 g/liter8.4±3.4 a2.3±0.8 c8.0±1.3 ab6.3±1.4 ab
6 g/liter5.1±1.5 ab3.8±1.4 bc6.5±0.8 b5.1±0.7 bc
12 g/liter1.0±0.3 b1.2±0.2 c4.8±1.2 b2.4±0.6 c
Drench5.9±1.5 ab10.1±2.0 a10.2±1.5 a8.7±1.0 a
P-value 0.0350.0110.039<0.001

Thai DragonUTC8.3±1.4 a16.0±1.6 a4.1±0.7 a9.5±1.5 a
3 g/liter4.8±1.2 a4.3±0.7 c9.7±1.7 a6.4±1.0 bc
6 g/liter3.3±1.8 a8.2±2.3 bc3.7±1.3 a4.9±1.1 c
12 g/liter3.1±1.3 a7.4±1.8 bc6.1±1.6 a5.3±0.9 c
Drench7.9±2.4 a10.1±1.0 b8.2±2.1 a8.7±1.1 ab
P-value 0.27<0.0010.080.02

Sweet MiniUTC3.5±0.9 a-24.0±0.9 a3.8±0.6 a
3 g/liter1.1±0.3 b-4.4±1.1 a2.7±0.8 a
6 g/liter0.4±0.1 b-8.1±0.5 a4.2±1.3 a
12 g/liter--3.7±1.5 a3.7±1.1 a
Drench2.2±0.9 ab-5.6±1.8 a3.9±1.1 a
P-value 0.047 0.230.88
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0036 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
Language: English
Submitted on: Apr 1, 2025
Published on: Aug 31, 2025
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year

© 2025 Francisco Franco-Navarro, Antoon T. Ploeg, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.