Figure 1:
Line drawings of Parasitorhabditis paraterebrana n. sp. (A-K): A: Female whole body; B: Male whole body; C: Female anterior region, including the pharynx region; D, E, F: Variation in lip shape and arrangement of teeth (D: Lateral view with all the four teeth; E: The two subventral teeth; F: The two subdorsal teeth); G, H: Male tail in right lateral view, with arrangement of bursal rays; I: Female tail in ventral view; J: Male tail in ventral view, with arrangement of bursal rays; K: Female tail in lateral view.
Figure 2:
Photomicrographs of Parasitorhabditis paraterebrana n. sp. (A-G): A: Male reproductive system; B: Female reproductive system; C: Developing egg in the uterus; D: The reflexed region of ovary; E: The oviduct; F, G: The reflexed portion of the testis (Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm; C, D, E, F, G = 20 μm).
Figure 3:
Photomicrographs of Parasitorhabditis paraterebrana n. sp. (A-K): A: Female anterior region, including the pharynx region (arrow e and h indicate the position of secretory-excretory pore and hemizonid, respectively); B, C, D, E: Variation in lip shape and arrangement of teeth (B: Lateral view with all the four teeth; C: The two subventral teeth; D, E: The two subdorsal teeth); F, G: Posterior part of pharynx (arrow e and h indicate the position of secretory-excretory pore and hemizonid, respectively); H, I: Male tail region; J: Female tail in lateral view; K: Female tail in ventral view. (Scale bars: A = 50 μm; B, C, D, E, H, I, J, K = 10 μm; F, G = 20 μm).
Table 1:
Comparison of morphometrics of Parasitorhabditis paraterebrana n. sp. and Parasitorhabditis terebrana Massey, 1974 from Korea and topotype population by Massey (1974).
| Character | Parasitorhabditis paraterebrana n. sp. | Parasitorhabditis terebrana | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holotype | Paratypes | Korea (Current study) | USA (Massey, 1974) | ||||
| ♀ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ | |
| n | – | 20 | 22 | 6 | 5 | ? | ? |
| L | 693.0 | 673.3±54.6 (598.0–814.0) | 625.6±53.4 (553.5–732.5) | 877.8±87.0 (780.5–995.0) | 847.9±87.9 (746.0–979.0) | 770–810 | 750 |
| a | 19.0 | 19.0±0.6 (17.9–20.0) | 19.0±1.0 (16.9–21.7) | 21.4±1.2 (20.1–23.7) | 21.0±1.4 (19.0–22.5) | 19.7–20.1 | 19.5 |
| b | 3.9 | 3.7±0.3 (3.2–4.3) | 3.6±0.2 (3.3–4.2) | 4.5±0.4 (4.0–5.1) | 4.4±0.2 (4.1–4.6) | 4.2–4.3 | 4.1 |
| c | 21.8 | 23.0±3.0 (18.3–28.6) | 24.0±2.4 (20.8–28.8) | 25.9±2.5 (20.7–28.3) | 26.7±1.2 (25.2–28.4) | 26.2–27.3 | 27.3 |
| c’ | 1.6 | 1.7±0.3 (1.3–2.3) | 1.5±0.1 (1.3–1.7) | 1.6±0.2 (1.4–1.9) | 1.4±0.2 (1.2–1.7) | – | – |
| V | 91.6 | 91.7±0.7 (90.3–92.6) | – | 92.9±0.6 (92.0–93.5) | – | 93 | – |
| G1/T (without flexure) | 46.5 | 47.9±2.5 (44.5–53.2) | 46.2±2.6 (41.0–51.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Lip height | 4.0 | 4.3±0.4 (3.5–5.0) | 3.7±0.5 (3.0–4.5) | 3.3±0.1 (3.0–3.5) | 3.1±0.2 (3.0–3.5) | – | – |
| Lip diameter | 11.0 | 11.3±0.7 (10.0–12.5) | 10.8±0.7 (9.5–12.5) | 12.5±0.4 (12.0–13.0) | 11.7±0.4 (11.0–12.5) | – | – |
| Stoma length | 22.0 | 21.9±1.2 (20.0–24.0) | 21.4±1.2 (19.5–23.5) | 20.5±0.7 (19.5–21.5) | 20.0±1.5 (18.0–22.0) | 21 | – |
| Stoma width | 5.5 | 5.2±0.4 (4.5–6.0) | 4.2±0.4 (3.5–5.0) | 5.0±0.4 (4.0–5.5) | 4.1±0.4 (3.5–5.0) | – | – |
| Anterior to median valve | 89.0 | 92.3±3.8 (83.5–99.0) | 87.1±4.2 (77.0–92.5) | 100.5±5.8 (93.5–108.0) | 98.9±3.4 (93.5–102.5) | – | – |
| Anterior to nerve ring | 116.5 | 112.2±7.6 (98.5–123.0) | 101.5±6.9 (89.5–114.0) | 110±7.4 (102.5–122.0) | – | – | – |
| Excretory pore | 126.0 | 128.1±7.5 (113.0–141.0) | 123.9±6.2 (112.5–139.0) | 120.2±6.0 (100.5–125.0) | – | – | – |
| Pharynx length | 176.0 | 179.6±6.5 (167.0–190.0) | 173.3±7.9 (159.0–187.0) | 193.5±9.6 (184.0–209.0) | 193.4±13.1 (180.0–212.0) | – | – |
| Maximum body diameter | 36.5 | 35.4±2.8 (31.0–43.0) | 33.0±3.4 (27.0–40.0) | 41.0±2.7 (38.0–44.5) | 40.4±2.5 (38.0–45.0) | – | – |
| Vulval body diameter | 29.5 | 28.0±2.4 (24.5–34.5) | – | 34.1±2.4 (30.5–38.5) | – | – | – |
| Vulva to anus length | 25.0 | 24.6±2.2 (21.5–31.5) | – | 30.7±2.6 (28.0–35.0) | – | – | – |
| Vulva to tail tip | 57.0 | 54.3±4.6 (46.5–65.0) | – | 64.8±5.2 (57.0–70.5) | – | – | – |
| Anal / cloacal body diameter | 20.0 | 17.7±1.5 (14.0–20.5) | 17.9±1.2 (15.5–20.0) | 20.8±0.9 (19.5–22.0) | 22.2±2.1 (20.0–25.0) | – | – |
| Tail length | 32.0 | 29.7±3.9 (22.5–37.0) | 26.1±2.2 (22.5–30.0) | 34.1±3.9 (28.5–39.0) | 31.6±2.0 (29.0–34.5) | – | – |
| Spicules | – | – | 34.1±2.0 (30.5–37.0) | – | 36.4±1.4 (34.5–38.0) | – | 34 |
| Gubernaculum | – | – | 15.3±0.9 (14.0–17.0) | – | 16.2±0.6 (15.5–17.0) | – | 17 |
Figure 4:
Photomicrographs of Parasitorhabditis obtusa (Fuchs, 1915) Chitwood and Chitwood, 1950 (A-H). A, B: Female anterior region; C, D: Male tail region; E, F, H: Variation in shape of female tail; G: Posterior part of pharynx (arrow e and h indicate the position of secretory-excretory pore and hemizonid, respectively). (A, B, E, F, H = 10 μm; C, D, G = 20 μm).
Table 2:
Comparison of morphometrics of Parasitorhabditis obtusa (Fuchs, 1915) Chitwood & Chitwood, 1950 from Korea with topotype and other populations.
| Character | Korea (Current study) | Iran (Valizadeh et al., 2017) | Germany? (Rühm, 1956) | Germany (Fuchs, 1915) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ♀♀ | ♂♂ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ | ♀♀* | ♂♂* | |
| n | 15 | 15 | 10 | 10 | ? | ? | 2 | 1 |
| L | 951.1±92.4 (784.0–1148) | 753.9±66.3 (635.0–872.0) | 959.0±92.0 (810–1067) | 746±104 (624–925) | 728–1115 | 751–855 | 957–1121 | 640 |
| a | 24.3±1.7 (21.7–27.0) | 24.6±2.3 (20.9–28.4) | 20.0±2.5 (16.9–23.6) | 21.1±3.6 (14.4–27.2) | 16.5–24.0 | 19.5–21.0 | – | – |
| b | 5.0±0.4 (4.4–6.0) | 4.6±0.3 (4.0–5.0) | 5.1±0.5 (4.5–5.6) | 4.3±0.5 (3.6–5.3) | 4.0–5.8 | 4.2–4.6 | – | – |
| c | 40.5±5.0 (34.2–49.9) | 17.3±1.4 (14.8–19.6) | 67.0±12.3 (50.0–88.9) | 35.9±5.0 (28–46) | 44.0–49.5 | 17.8–22.2 | – | – |
| c’ | 1.2±0.2 (0.8–1.3) | 2.0±0.2 (1.7–2.4) | 0.7±0.1 (0.6–0.9) | 1.4±0.3 (1.0–1.8) | – | – | – | – |
| V | 94.5±0.6 (93.4–95.3) | – | 95.8±0.9 (93.8–96.7) | – | 94.0–95.7 | – | – | – |
| G1/T (without flexure) | 57.0±3.2 (49.9–62.7) | 57.4±3.3 (52.6–64.4) | 55.8±6.9 (41.5–63.5) | 56.4±6.4 (47.5–65.6) | – | – | – | – |
| Lip height | 4.4±0.4 (4.0–5.5) | 3.5±0.3 (3.0–4.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lip diameter | 12.4±0.7 (11.5–13.5) | 10.3±0.5 (9.5–11.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Stoma length | 17.7±1.1 (15.5–19.5) | 16.1±0.8 (15.0–17.5) | 17.4±1.3 (16–20) | 15.5±1.2 (13–17) | (16.0–20.0) | 16.0–21.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 |
| Stoma width | 4.2±0.5 (3.5–5.5) | 3.3±0.4 (2.5–4.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anterior to median valve | 82.6±3.5 (75.0–88.5) | 72.8±2.9 (68.5–78.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anterior to nerve ring | 98.7±5.2 (91.5–108.0) | 94.9±6.3 (84.5–111.5) | 132.0±9.3 (121–150) | 114.0±8.4 (100–127) | – | – | – | – |
| Excretory pore | 124.3±4.2 (119.5–134.5) | 115.1±6.7 (102.0–126.0) | 143.0±8.2 (125–155) | 126.0±7.6 (115–142) | – | – | – | – |
| Pharynx length | 189.2±8.1 (169.0–201.0) | 165.1±7.3 (150.5–173.0) | 189.0±9.4 (172–201) | 172.0±7.5 (156–183) | 183.0–234.0 | 168.0–185.0 | – | – |
| Maximum body diameter | 39.1±3.0 (34.0–44.5) | 30.7±2.0 (27.5–34.5) | 48.1±4.3 (42–55) | 35.9±5.0 (28–46) | 42.0–53.0 | 39.0–44.0 | – | 34.0 |
| Vulval body diameter | 30.3±2.6 (26.5–35.5) | – | 37.1±3.2 (33–42) | – | – | – | – | – |
| Vulva to anus length | 23.1±3.4 (19.5–32.0) | – | – | – | 21.0–43.0 | – | 34.0 | – |
| Vulva to tail tip | 46.8±5.1 (38.0–57.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 54.0 | – |
| Anal / cloacal body diameter | 20.6±1.5 (18.0–25.0) | 21.8±1.5 (19.0–23.5) | 21.2±2.3 (18–26) | 23.4±2.8 (20–28) | – | – | – | – |
| Tail length | 23.7±3.0 (18.5–27.0) | 43.7±2.4 (40.0–50.0) | 14.6±2.7 (12–19) | 31.6±7.2 (23–42) | 18.0–25.0 | 38.0–46.0 | 20.0 | – |
| Spicules | – | 43.7±5.4 (33.0–49.0) | – | 35.1±3.5 (31–42) | – | 30.0–32.0 | – | 33.0 |
| Gubernaculum | – | 17.8±0.8 (16.0–19.0) | – | 15.0 ± 1.6 (13–17) | – | 15.0–18.0 | – | 14.0 |
Figure 5:
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from 18S rRNA gene sequences of Rhabditina Chitwood, 1933 species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50 % are given on appropriate clades. The studied population is indicated in bold text. Outgroups: Rhabditoides inermiformis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1955 and Rhomborhabditis regina (Schulte and Poinar, 1991) Sudhaus, 2011.
Figure 6:
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from LSU D2-D3 partial sequences of Rhabditina Chitwood, 1933 species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades. The studied population is indicated in bold text. Outgroups: Rhabditoides inermiformis (Osche, 1952) Dougherty, 1955 and Rhomborhabditis regina (Schulte and Poinar, 1991) Sudhaus, 2011.
Figure 7:
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from COI partial sequences of Rhabditina Chitwood, 1933 species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades. The studied population is indicated in bold text. Outgroups: Chylorhabditis epuraeae Kanzaki, Hamaguchi and Takeuchi-Kaneko, 2021, and Rhabditis Dujardin, 1844 species.