Table 1:
Fungi isolated from cyst nematodes initially screened for impacts on egg viability of Globodera ellingtonae (Ge) and Heterodera glycines (Hg). More information on isolation of these strains can be found in Jumbam et al. (2024).
| Hg | Ge | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alternaria sp. | JB176 | Gp | GH | USA | - | 53 |
| A. tenuissima | JB217 | Hg | FD | USA | 0 | - |
| Arthopyrenia salicis | JB155 | Gr | GH | France | 67 | 0 |
| Aureobasidium sp. | MCA7097 | Air | FD | Peru | - | 17 |
| Aureobasidium sp. | JB70 | Ge | FD | USA | - | 29 |
| Cephalotrichum microsporum | JB178 | Gr | GH | France | - | 20 |
| Cladorrhinum samala | JB211 | Hg | FD | USA | 67 | - |
| C. cladosporioides | JB93 | Ge | FD | USA | - | 46 |
| C. herbarum | JB179 | Gp | GH | France | - | 18 |
| Cladosporium sp. | JB110 | Gp | GH | UK | - | 42 |
| Colletotrichum nigrum | JB115 | Gr | GH | USA | 100 | - |
| Fusarium acacia-mearnsii | JB201 | Hg | FD | USA | 0 | - |
| F. culmorum | JB121 | Ha | GH | USA | 69 | - |
| F. equiseti | JB214 | Hg | FD | USA | 80 | - |
| F. equiseti | JB126 | Gr | FD | USA | - | 36 |
| F. oxysporium | JB213 | Hg | FD | USA | 81 | 50 |
| F. proliferatum | JB173 | Gp | GH | USA | 82 | 1 |
| F. pseudograminearum | JB276 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 2 |
| F. redolens | JB280 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 8 |
| Fusarium sp. | JB266 | Gs | FD | Peru | 48 | |
| F. tricinctum | JB124 | Ha | GH | USA | 57 | - |
| Geomyces sp.1 | JB219 | Ha | FD | USA | 100 | - |
| Geomyces sp.2 | JB220 | Ha | FD | USA | 67 | - |
| Humicola grisea | JB275 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 48 |
| Keithomyces carneus | JB282 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 37 |
| Neocosmospora solani | JB123 | Gr | GH | France | 67 | 46 |
| N. solani | JB202 | Hg | FD | USA | 60 | - |
| Penicillium janthinellum | JB122 | Gr | FD | USA | - | 10 |
| P. rubens | JB270 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 47 |
| Penicillium sp. | JB204 | Hg | FD | USA | 0 | - |
| Purpureocillium lilacinum | JB209 | Hg | FD | USA | 83 | - |
| Thielavia sp. | JB104 | Ha | GH | USA | 100 | - |
| Trichocladium griseum | JB274 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 47 |
| Trichoderma sp.1 | JB96 | Gr | GH | USA | 41 | - |
| Trichoderma sp.2 | JB98 | Ha | GH | USA | 11 | 28 |
| T. virens | JB101 | Gr | GH | France | 71 | 45 |
| Unknown1 | JB240 | Ha | FD | USA | 70 | - |
| Unknown2 | JB243 | Ha | FD | USA | 87 | - |
| Unknown3 | JB245 | Ha | FD | USA | 0 | - |
| Unseq2 | JB278 | Gr | FD | USA | - | 42 |
| Unseq3 | JB285 | Gs | FD | Peru | - | 35 |
| Zopfiella longicaudata | JB100 | Gp | FD | France | - | 45 |
| Control | - | - | - | - | 73 | 51 |
Table 2:
Top six fungi retained for fungal filtrate assays against Heterodera glycines (Hg), Globerdera ellingtonae (Ge), Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Mc), M. hapla (Mh), and M. incognita (Mi) eggs or second-stage juveniles (J2).
| Strain | Fungal Species | Nematode | Life stage assayed |
|---|---|---|---|
| JB70 | Aureobasidium sp. | Ge | eggs |
| JB98 | Trichoderma virens | Ge, Hg | eggs |
| Ge, Mc, Mh, Mi | J2 | ||
| JB173 | Fusarium proliferatum | Ge | eggs |
| JB201 | F. acaciae-mearnsii | Hg | eggs |
| Ge, Mc, Mh, Mi | J2 | ||
| JB209 | Purpureocilium lilacinum | Ge, Hg | eggs |
| Ge, Mc, Mh, Mi | J2 | ||
| JB217 | Alternaria tenuissima | Hg | eggs |
| Ge, Mc, Mh, Mi | J2 |
Figure 1:
Micrograph of parameters used to differentiate between intact and damaged Heterodera gycines and Globodera ellingtonae eggs. A) 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stained eggs viewed under the Echo Revolve fluorescent microscope; B) Bright field view with the Olympus microscope; C) Tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and 6)-isothiocyanate (TRITC) view with the Olympus microscope; and D) Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) view with the Olympus microscope (ie = intact eggs, de = damaged eggs, and j2 = second-stage juveniles).
Figure 2:
Effect of fungal filtrates on A) Heterodera glycines and B) Globodera ellingtonae eggs. Bars within a nematode species followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P ≥ 0.05). Control (CTRL), Fusarium acaciae-mearnsii (JB201), Purpureocillium lilacinum (JB209), Trichoderma virens (JB98), Alternaria tenuissima (JB217), Aureobasidium sp. (JB70), and Fusarium proliferatum (JB173).
Figure 3:
Effect of fungal filtrates on A) Globodera ellingtonae (Ge), B) Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Mc), C) M. hapla (Mh), and D) M. incognita (Mi) second-stage juvenile (J2) mortality. Bars within a nematode species followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (P ≥ 0.05). Control (CTRL), Fusarium acaciae-mearnsii (JB201), Purpureocillium lilacinum (JB209), Trichoderma virens (JB98), and Alternaria tenuissima (JB217).