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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 Populations Parasitizing Pistachio in Kerman and Khorasan Razavi Provinces, Iran

Journal of Nematology
Volume 56 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)
By:
Open Access
|Oct 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Photographs of root galls caused by Meloidogyne arenaria on pistachio in Kerman and Khorasan Razavi provinces, Iran. A: Irregular galls by isolate KR1-1; B: Irregular galls by KN1-1 isolate; C: Irregular galls by KhF1-2 isolate; D: Spheroid galls by KhF1-3 isolate. (All scale bars = 10 mm).
Photographs of root galls caused by Meloidogyne arenaria on pistachio in Kerman and Khorasan Razavi provinces, Iran. A: Irregular galls by isolate KR1-1; B: Irregular galls by KN1-1 isolate; C: Irregular galls by KhF1-2 isolate; D: Spheroid galls by KhF1-3 isolate. (All scale bars = 10 mm).

Figure 2:

Light microphotographs of stylet and cephalic region of Iranian population of M. arenaria (isolate KhF1-2). A: Stylet, B: Anterior body region, C: The excretory pore. (All scale bars = 10 μm).
Light microphotographs of stylet and cephalic region of Iranian population of M. arenaria (isolate KhF1-2). A: Stylet, B: Anterior body region, C: The excretory pore. (All scale bars = 10 μm).

Figure 3:

Light microphotographs of perineal patterns of studied M. arenaria populations. A, B: Isolate KR1-1; C, D: Isolate KN1-1; E, F: Isolate KhF1-2; G, H: Isolate KhF1-3; A, C, E, G: The dorsal arch is high; B, D, F, H: The dorsal arch is moderately high, phasmids are distinct. (All scale bars = 10 μm).
Light microphotographs of perineal patterns of studied M. arenaria populations. A, B: Isolate KR1-1; C, D: Isolate KN1-1; E, F: Isolate KhF1-2; G, H: Isolate KhF1-3; A, C, E, G: The dorsal arch is high; B, D, F, H: The dorsal arch is moderately high, phasmids are distinct. (All scale bars = 10 μm).

Figure 4:

Light microphotographs of anterior portion of second-stage juveniles of studied M. arenaria populations. A: Isolate KR1-1; B: Isolate KN1-1; C: Isolate KhF1-2; D: Isolate KhF1-3. (All scale bars = 5 μm).
Light microphotographs of anterior portion of second-stage juveniles of studied M. arenaria populations. A: Isolate KR1-1; B: Isolate KN1-1; C: Isolate KhF1-2; D: Isolate KhF1-3. (All scale bars = 5 μm).

Figure 5:

Light microphotographs of tail of second-stage juveniles of studied M. arenaria. populations. A: Isolate KR1-1; B: Isolate KN1-1; C: Isolate KhF1-2; D: Isolate KhF1-3, arrow shows anus. (All scale bars = 5 μm).
Light microphotographs of tail of second-stage juveniles of studied M. arenaria. populations. A: Isolate KR1-1; B: Isolate KN1-1; C: Isolate KhF1-2; D: Isolate KhF1-3, arrow shows anus. (All scale bars = 5 μm).

Figure 6:

Amplification products generated from individual females with mitochondrial primer sets C2F3/1108. A) Ladder. B, C) Unique 1100-bp product if Meloidogyne arenaria, B isolate KhF1-2, C isolate KhF1-3, D) Unique about 1600-bp product of Meloidogyne javanica.
Amplification products generated from individual females with mitochondrial primer sets C2F3/1108. A) Ladder. B, C) Unique 1100-bp product if Meloidogyne arenaria, B isolate KhF1-2, C isolate KhF1-3, D) Unique about 1600-bp product of Meloidogyne javanica.

Figure 7:

Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from LSU rDNA D2-D3 segment of Meloidogyne arenaria populations recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generate sequences are in bold font.
Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from LSU rDNA D2-D3 segment of Meloidogyne arenaria populations recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generate sequences are in bold font.

Figure 8:

Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from mitochondrial COII-16S segment of Meloidogyne arenaria populations recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generated sequences are in bold font.
Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from mitochondrial COII-16S segment of Meloidogyne arenaria populations recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generated sequences are in bold font.

Figure 9:

Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from mitochondrial Nad5 segment of Meloidogyne arenaria recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generated sequences are in bold font.
Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from mitochondrial Nad5 segment of Meloidogyne arenaria recovered from pistachio gardens of Iran under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) more than 50% are given for appropriate clades. Newly generated sequences are in bold font.

Morphometricsa of second-stage juveniles of four populations of Meloidogyne arenaria from pistachio gardens in Iran and other populations_ Measurements in μm_

This studyPrevious studies
CharacterKR1-1KN1-1KhF1-2KhF1-3Total
n766726
Body length464±48 (378–543)458±59 (393–537)355±24 (335–400)419±29 (390–460)425±58 (335–543)504±4.3b (392–605)
Body width16.3±2.1 (13.5–19.0)14.2±0.6 (13.5–15.0)16.6±2.3 (14.5–20.0)15.1±1.1 (14–17)15.5±1.8 (13.5–20.0)15.3±0.1b (13–18)
Stylet11.0±0.7 (10–12)11.3±0.5 (10.5–12.0)12.0±0.9 (11–13)11.4±0.8 (10.5–12.5)11.4±0.8 (10–13)11.1±0.03b (10–12)
DGO3.5±0.6 (3.0–4.5)3.2±0.3 (3.0–3.5)3.3±0.4 (3–4)3.1±0.2 (3.0–3.5)3.3±0.4 (3.0–4.5)3.7±0.04b (3–5)
Median bulb57±7.2 (52.5–73.0)54±1.8 (52–57)52.1±3.7 (48.5–58.0)56.1±3.1 (52.5–60.0)55.2±4.7 (48.5–73.0)60.9±0.43b (49.4–71.2)
Excretory pore to anterior end74.9±8.6 (56.5–80.0)77.1±9.2 (65–90)81.4±6.9 (75–92)77.9±6.9 (64–85)77.7±7.8 (56.5–92.0)89.8±0.56b (75.0–105.2)
Tail length47.9±4.8 (41–53)46.6±4.7 (38–51)42.2±6.2 (36.5–54.0)47.9±3.2 (45–54)46.3±5.1 (36.5–54.0)56.0±0.43b (44–59)
Hyaline16.6±2.7 (13–20)16.3±2.2 (14.0–19.5)13.3±1.5 (12–16)14.9±1.0 (13.5–16.0)15.3±2.3 (12–20)14.0±3.3c (10–21) n=17

Morphometricsa of females of four Meloidogyne arenaria populations from pistachio gardens in Iran compared with other populations_ Measurements in μm_

This studyPrevious studies
CharacterKR1-1KN1-1KhF1-2KhF1-3Total
n777728
Body length804.3±62.9 (720–890)849.3±46.0 (770–900)862.9±24.3 (840–900)875±44.3 (810–940)847.9±51.6 (720–940)741±115b (601–985)
Body width542.9±46.8 (480–590)628.6±27.3 (590–670)578.6±27.9 (550–620)649.3±31.7 (590–685)599.8±53.4 (480–685)448±89b (334–626)
Stylet16.6±0.6 (15.5–17.0)17.1±0.2 (17.0–17.5)16.6±0.5 (16–17)17.4±0.6 (17.0–18.5)16.9±0.6 (15.5–18.5)15.1±0.05c (13–17) n=150
DGO4.1±0.4 (3.5–4.5)5.4±0.7 (4–6)4.4±0.5 (4–5)4.9±0.4 (4.5–5.5)4.7±0.7 (3.5–6)4.8±0.06c (3.1–6.6) n=150
Excretory pore to anterior end41.0±5.4 (35–49)41.9±4.0 (39–50)36.3±3.9 (31–42)30.4±3.0 (25–34)37.4±6.1 (25–50)42.2±0.94c (18–80) n=150
Vulval slit23.1±1.6 (21–25)27.9±2.6 (25–33)21.2±1.8 (19–24)25.4±1.1 (24–27)24.4±3.1 (19–33)29.3±4.1 (24–37) n=9b
Vulva-anus16.6±1.4 (15–19)19.6±1.2 (18–21)19.1±2.0 (16.5–22.0)20.4±0.9 (19.0–21.5)18.9±1.9 (15–22)20.7±2.6 (18–21) n=9b
Interphasmid distance27.9±2.0 (25–31)35.0±8.3 (22–47)28.9±2.8 (25–33)33.3±3.5 (27–38)31.3±5.4 (22–47)28–31d

List of primers used for sequencing of different loci in the present study_

LocusPrimers5′ to 3′ SequenceReference
LSU rDNA D2-D3D2AbACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTTGDe Ley et al. (1999)
D3BTCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA
COII-16SC2F3GGTCAATGTTCAGAAATTTGTGGPowers and Harris (1993)
1108TACCTTTGACCAATCACGCT
NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (Nad5)NAD5FTATTTTTTGTTTGAGATATATTAGJanssen et al. (2016)
NAD5RCGTGAATCTTGATTTTCCATTTTT

Information of geographical distribution areas of Meloidogyne arenaria in two pistachio-growing provinces of Iran and newly generated sequences in present study_

Population codeSampling areaNELSU D2-D3 GenBank accession No.COII-16S GenBank accession No.Nad5 GenBank accession No.
KN1-1Kerman province, Nough30′58′24.0″55′35′35.8″-OR268637OR264475
KR1-1Kerman province, Rafsanjan30′25′17.0″55′49′40.9″-OR268638OR264476
KhF1-2Khorasan Razavi province, Feyzabad34′58′36.8″58′42′09.8″OR267403OR268639-
KhF1-3Khorasan Razavi province, Feyzabad34′57′14.0″58′39′28.1″OR267404OR268640OR264477
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0043 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Submitted on: May 11, 2024
Published on: Oct 28, 2024
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
morphology,
morphometrics
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2024 Fatemeh Shekari Mahoonaki, Esmat Mahdikhani Moghadam, Mohammad Zakiaghl, Mohammad Moradi, Majid Pedram, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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