Figure 1:
Line drawings of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. (A–G): A: Female whole body; B: Male whole body; C: Female reproductive system; D: Female anterior region; E: Female rectum and prerectum region; F: Female tail; G: The expanded part of pharynx (the glandularium).
Figure 2:
Line drawings of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. (A–K): A: Posterior region of male, including copulatory apparatus, the arrangement of ventromedian supplements and copulatory hump. (Arrows indicate the position of submedian papillae); B: Male tail region; C: Lateral guiding piece; D, E, F: Variation in shape and arrangement of pre/postvulval papillae; G, J, K: Variation in shape of cardia and basal shield; H: Head region; I: Junction between intestine and prerectum with a conical or tongue-like structure.
Figure 3:
Photomicrographs of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. (A–G). A: Female anterior region; B: Posterior region of male, including copulatory apparatus and the arrangement of ventromedian supplements; C: Region of copulatory hump; D: Anterior and middle part of female tail; E: Whole female tail; F: Vulval region with pre/postvulval papillae conformation; G: Female posterior region, including the prerectum and rectum. (Scale bars: A, B, C, F, and G = 30 μm; D = 50 μm; E = 100 μm).
Figure 4:
Photomicrographs of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. (A–K). A, B, C: Variation in female anterior region; D: Shape of cardia and basal shield; E: Junction between intestine and prerectum with a conical or tongue-like structure; F: Region of copulatory hump; G, H: Variation in shape and configuration of advulval papillae; I, J: Variation in shape of male tail; K: Posteriormost part of female tail. (Scale bars: A, D–K = 20 μm; B, C = 10 μm).
Table 1:
Morphometrics of Paractinolaimus uljinensis n. sp. from Korea.
| Character | Holotype ♀ | ♀♀ | ♂♂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 30 | 28 | |
| L | 2743.0 | 2764.0 ± 134.0 (2500.0–2980.0) | 2449.0 ± 170.0 (2183.0–2833.0) |
| a | 44.6 | 44.1 ± 2.1 (40.2–47.9) | 43.1 ± 2.4 (40.2–48.9) |
| b | 5.0 | 4.9 ± 0.2 (4.5–5.2) | 4.4 ± 0.3 (3.8–4.9) |
| c | 7.5 | 7.7 ± 0.4 (6.9–8.5) | 103.7 ± 9.4 (82.9–121.4) |
| c’ | 12.2 | 11.7 ± 0.9 (10.1–14.2) | 0.7 ± 0.1 (0.6–0.9) |
| V | 45.6 | 45.5 ± 1.3 (42.5–47.7) | _ |
| G1% | 17.6 | 16.6 ± 1.6 (13.7–20.7) | _ |
| G2% | 18.0 | 17.9 ± 1.5 (14.6–21.5) | _ |
| Lip height | 7.5 | 7.6 ± 0.4 (7.0–8.5) | 7.6 ± 0.5 (7.0–8.5) |
| Lip diam. | 19.5 | 19.6 ± 0.6 (18.5–20.5) | 19.6 ± 0.5 (19.0–20.5) |
| Anterior to guiding ring | 19.5 | 19.2 ± 0.7 (17.5–20.5) | 19.0 ± 0.5 (17.5–20.0) |
| Odontostyle | 26.5 | 25.2 ± 1.0 (23.5–27.0) | 25.1 ± 0.8 (23.5–27.0) |
| Odontophore | 24.0 | 23.4 ± 0.9 (22.0–25.0) | 23.3 ± 0.8 (22.0–25.0) |
| Total spear | 50.5 | 48.5 ± 1.5 (45.5–51.0) | 48.3 ± 1.3 (46.5–52.0) |
| Anterior to nerve ring | 156.5 | 158.7 ± 6.0 (147.0–173.0) | 158.7 ± 6.0 (146.0–172.0) |
| Pharynx length | 546.0 | 562.4 ± 20.7 (502.0–598.0) | 562.9 ± 19.2 (518.0–597.0) |
| Glandularium length | 329.0 | 341.9 ± 15.5 (307.5–368.0) | 348.1 ± 16.4 (313.5–384.5) |
| Cardia length | 22.0 | 24.7 ± 3.6 (17.5–30.5) | 24.5 ± 3.0 (19.0–29.5) |
| Maximum body diam. | 61.5 | 62.8 ± 3.1 (55.5–67.5) | 56.8 ± 2.0 (53.5–61.5) |
| Prerectum | 116.0 | 122.9 ± 18.7 (86.5–169.5) | 200.3 ± 20.1 (174.0–246.5) |
| Rectum | 49.5 | 48.6 ± 5.2 (40.0–56.0) | 58.6 ± 2.5 (52.5–63.0) |
| Anal / cloacal body diam. | 30.0 | 31.0 ± 1.6 (26.5–33.0) | 33.1 ± 1.6 (30.0–36.0) |
| Tail length | 365.0 | 361.3 ± 25.8 (324.0–435.0) | 23.8 ± 2.0 (21.0–29.0) |
| Spicules | _ | _ | 64.5 ± 2.5 (60.0–70.5) |
| No. of ventromedian supplements | _ | _ | 12–15 |
Figure 5:
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from 18S-rRNA gene sequences of Dorylaimid species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades. The studied population is indicated in bold text. Outgroup taxa: Paravulvus hartingii and Nygolaimus cf. parvus.
Figure 6:
Bayesian tree inferred under the GTR + I + G model from LSU D2-D3 partial sequences of Dorylaimid species. Posterior probability values exceeding 50% are given on appropriate clades. The studied population is indicated in bold text. Outgroup taxa: Mononchus tunbridgensis and Anatonchus tridentatus.
Table 2:
Main morphometric characters of Paractinolaimus species (updated from Vinciguerra et al. (2013)). Measurements in μm, except L in mm. (* measurements obtained from original drawings).
| Species | Sex | L | a | c | c’ | V | Odont. | Pre/postvul. papillae | Spic. | Ventr. suppl. | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acutus | ♀ | 2.1–2.4 | 36–43 | 10–12 | 10–12 | 44–46 | 25–27 | 1, 2 | Khan and Park (1999) | ||
| aruprus | ♀ | 2.25–2.40 | 30–32 | 8 | 8.1 | 45–48 | 23–26 | none | Khan et al. (1994) | ||
| baldus | ♀ | 2.6 | 46 | 11 | 8.7* | 52 | 27 | none | Thorne (1967) | ||
| ♂ | 2.9 | 49 | 84 | 0.7* | 27 | 10–11 | |||||
| cattienus | ♀ | 2.38–2.43 | 40–51 | 8.2–10.1 | 9.6–12.7 | 47.8–48.6 | 18–19 | none | Gusakov and Gagarin (2015) | ||
| ♂ | 2.22 | 39 | 148 | 0.6 | 19 | 48 | 12 | ||||
| chandicus | ♀ | 2.1–2.3 | 44–54 | 14–17 | 5* | 51–52 | 27–29 | none | Khan and Jairajpuri (1994) | ||
| ♂ | 2.1 | 43 | 88 | 0.9* | 27 | 60 | 11 | ||||
| chiki | ♀ | 2.6–2.9 | 63–64 | 15–17 | 6.5–6.8 | 48–49 | 20–21 | none | Dhanam et al. (1994) | ||
| decraemerae | ♀ | 2.8–3.2 | 36–48 | 13–16 | 5.5–6.7 | 46–51 | 25–29 | 1, 1 | Pedram et al. (2010) | ||
| ♂ | 2.1 | 32 | 68 | 0.6 | 27 | 76 | 16 | ||||
| dhanachandi | ♀ | 1.9 | 37 | 10 | 6.7 | 52 | 23 | Khan and Jairajpuri (1994) | |||
| elongatus | ♀ | 3.1–3.4 | 62–65 | 16–17 | 5.3–5.5 | 49–53 | 31–33 | none | Khan and Jairajpuri (1994) | ||
| ♂ | 3–3.1 | 56–68 | 116–118 | 0.6–0.7 | 31–33 | 58–62 | 18–21 | ||||
| filipjevi | ♀ | 3.3 | 43 | 6.8 | 12.1* | 45 | 35 | Schneider (1935) | |||
| girini | ♀ | 2–2.3 | 28–29 | 18.7–22.4 | 3 | 54–56 | 24 | Sukul (1967) | |||
| ♂ | 2.1 | 28 | 71 | 24 | 13 | ||||||
| indicus | ♀ | 1.5–1.9 | 31–37 | 15–37 | 1.4–5.5 | 53–56 | 20–22 | none | Khan and Ganguly (1988) | ||
| intermedius | ♀ | 2.5–2.8 | 36–53 | 13–17 | 6–7 | 46–54 | 27 | present | Altherr (1968) | ||
| ♂ | 2.6–3.6 | 36–60 | 70–115 | 63–65 | 14–19 | ||||||
| ishibashi | ♀ | 3.0–3.3 | 51–55 | 8.3–9.9 | 6.2–6.8 | 49–52 | 27–28 | 1, 1 | Khan et al. (2008) | ||
| longidrilus | ♀ | 3–3.7 | 35–45 | 10–14 | 5.3–7.1 | 46–50 | 32–33 | 1–2, 1–2 | Eveleigh (1982) | ||
| ♂ | 3.5 | 46 | 91 | 0.8 | 33 | 83 | 19 | ||||
| macrolaimus | ♀ | 4.5 | 50 | 11.5 | 47 | none | de Man (1880) | ||||
| ♂ | 3.7 | 50 | 85 | 16–24 | |||||||
| ♀ | 3.1–3.3 | 40–42 | 11.1–11.8 | 46–51 | none | Loof (1961) | |||||
| ♀ | 2.7–4.3 | 42–60 | 9.0–14 | 8–12 | 44–50 | 27–30 | present | Andrássy (2009) | |||
| ♂ | 2.5–3.7 | 46–57 | 90–120 | 27–30 | 16–19 | ||||||
| magistris | ♀ | 1.9 | 34 | 51–53 | 1–1.1 | 53–54 | 28–30 | none | Vinciguerra et al. (2013) | ||
| ♂ | 2–2.3 | 42–45 | 60–76 | 0.8 | 31–35 | 53–60 | 14–15 | ||||
| micoletzkyi | ♀ | 1.9 | 29 | 24 | 2.3 | 54 | 28 | none | Coomans et al. (1990) | ||
| ♂ | 2.4 | 40 | 82 | 0.7 | 29 | 69 | 11 | ||||
| microdentatus | ♀ | 3.4–3.5 | 43–53 | 12–14 | 7.6–8.5 | 51–53 | 31–35 | none | Andrássy (1964) | ||
| ♂ | 2.9–3.4 | 38–59 | 96–100 | 31–35 | 67–70 | 18–24 | |||||
| occalescens | ♀ | 2.6 | 37 | 10 | 6* | 51 | Schneider (1937) | ||||
| ♂ | 1.9 | 27 | 64 | 0.8 | 9 | ||||||
| pachydermis | ♀ | 2.1 | 33–34 | 7.6–8 | 8–8.5 | 44–45 | 26–27 | 0, 1 | Khan and Araki (2001) | ||
| parietinus | ♀ | 1.8–2.4 | 27–38 | 9.0–14 | 5.8* | 49–54 | 25 | none | Eroshenko (1977) | ||
| ♂ | 1.7–2.4 | 25–34 | 50–74 | 70 | 16 | ||||||
| persicus | ♀ | 2.3–2.6 | 32–35.5 | 11.7–16.9 | 3.3–5.9 | 47.6–51.6 | 25–28 | none | Panahi et al. (2019) | ||
| ♂ | 2.1–2.68 | 40.3 | 88.3 | 0.7 | 28–29 | 71–75.5 | 17–18 | ||||
| rafiqi | ♀ | 4.4–5.3 | 72–89 | 20–27 | 4.4–6.5 | 50–52 | 33–35 | 2–3, 2–3 | Khan and Jairajpuri (1998) | ||
| ♂ | 5.0–5.2 | 85–87 | 198–209 | 0.9* | 32–33 | 60* | 21 | ||||
| robustus | ♀ | 3 | 43 | 11 | 11* | 50 | 23 | none | Thorne (1967) | ||
| ♂ | 2.8 | 47 | 71 | 23 | 10 | ||||||
| sahandi | ♀ | 3.5–4.7 | 74–88 | 16–22 | 4.5–7.5 | 47–54 | 27–32 | 1–4, 1–3 | Pedram et al. (2011) | ||
| ♂ | 3.2–4.4 | 70–93 | 116–166 | 0.6–0.7 | 27–31 | 62–81 | 15–17 | ||||
| shamimi | ♀ | 1.4–1.5 | 46–52 | 3.7–4.2 | 19–20 | 41–42 | 12–15 | none | Gantait et al. (2006) | ||
| spanithelus | ♀ | 2.8–3.9 | 35–53 | 13–18 | 5.0–6.3 | 45–49 | 29–33 | 0, 0–1 | Eveleigh (1982) | ||
| ♂ | 3.4 | 36 | 76 | 1 | 30 | 67 | 12 | ||||
| tuberculatus | ♀ | 2.3–2.5 | 39–44 | 7.2–8.8 | 8.8–10.2 | 46–47 | 24–28 | none | Choi and Khan (2000) | ||
| ♂ | 1.9–2.2 | 34–39 | 68–78 | 0.7* | 24–27 | 66–69 | 15–19 | ||||
| uljinensis n. sp. | ♀ | 2.5–3.0 | 40.2–47.9 | 6.9–8.5 | 10.1–14.2 | 42.5–47.7 | 23.5–27.0 | 3–9, 3–9 | This study | ||
| ♂ | 2.2–2.8 | 40.2–48.9 | 82.9–121.4 | 0.6–0.9 | 23.5–27.0 | 60–70.5 | 12–15 | ||||
| vigor | ♀ | 2 | 34 | 14 | 53 | 28 | none | Thorne (1967) | |||
| vulvapapillatus | ♀ | 1.6 | 34 | 9 | 6.9 | 64 | 22 | 3, 3 | Khan et al. (1994) | ||
| ♂ | 1.4–1.5 | 28–32 | 57–63 | 0.8 | 19–20 | 42–45 | 9 | ||||
| xosorum | ♀ | 1.66 | 29 | 18 | 3.2* | 52 | 13 | Heyns and Argo (1969) |