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First Report and Molecular Variability of Belonolaimus longicaudatus Associated with Turfgrass in Maryland

Journal of Nematology
Volume 56 (2024): Issue 1 (March 2024)
By:
Open Access
|Aug 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Photomicrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus female (A) and male (B) specimens.
Photomicrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus female (A) and male (B) specimens.

Figure 2.

Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the 28S D2-D3 expansion region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 4 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 1 of Habteweld et al. (2021).
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the 28S D2-D3 expansion region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 4 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 1 of Habteweld et al. (2021).

Figure 3.

Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the ITS1 and ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 5 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 2 of Habteweld et al. (2021). Asterisks indicate topotype populations.
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the ITS1 and ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 5 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 2 of Habteweld et al. (2021). Asterisks indicate topotype populations.

Figure 4.

28S rRNA statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Circles divided into sections represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the pies. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the 28S phylogenetic tree.
28S rRNA statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Circles divided into sections represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the pies. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the 28S phylogenetic tree.

Figure 5.

ITS statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Pies (circles) represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the circles. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the ITS phylogenetic tree.
ITS statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Pies (circles) represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the circles. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the ITS phylogenetic tree.

Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus females collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description and females of two B_ longicaudatus subclades from Habteweld et al_ (2021)_

CharacteristicsaMD population (n = 10)B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958)Subclade IIIA (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021)Subclade IIIB (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021)
L2.5 ± 0.2 (2.2–2.8)2.2 (2.0–2.6)--
a65 ± 5 (58–73)65.4 (55.7–74.9)--
b8 ± 1 (7–9)8.4 (7.3–9.9)
c20 ± 2 (15–23)16.1 (14.5–18.0)--
V%50 ± 1 (49–52)50 (46–54)--
Esophagus length277 ± 7.39 (263–287)-257 ± 22 (199–311)269 ± 26 (211–316)
Excretory pore distance257 ± 9.12 (236–267)215 (184–233)210 ± 18 (144–233)226 ± 26 (171–264)
Lip length9.1 ± 0.83 (8–10)17.8 (16.8–18.8)9.6 ± 1.1 (6.7–12.2)10.3 ± 1.2 (7.8–12.9)
Stylet length122 ± 5 (110–126)118 (100–133)118 ± 7 (102–129)126 ± 8 (99–142)
Stylet cone88 ± 6 (75–95)93 (84–102)
Stylet shaft34 ± 2 (30–35)34 (28–39)
Stylet knob width5.9 ± 0.32 (5.5–6.5)-5.4 ± 0.5 (4.5–6.4)5.7 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.7)
Tail length128 ± 14 (114–150)140 (177–163)
Tail/body width ratio4 ± 0 (4–5)4.4 (3.5–5.0)--
Tail width32 ± 3 (28–38)---
Tail integument thickness6.9 ± 0.91 (5.5–8.0)-6.7 ± 1.2 (4.8–10.1)7.2 ± 0.9 (5.4–9.1)
Stylet length/Tail length ratio1.0 ± 0.1 (0.82–1.1)0.81 (0.68–1.0)0.87 ± 0.07 (0.72–1.0)0.94 ± 0.08 (0.78–1.2)

Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus males collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description_

CharacteristicsaMD population (n = 10)B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958)
L1.9 ± 0.95 (1.8–2.1)1.8 (1.6–2.1)
a57 ± 3 (52–62)64 (55–74)
b7 ± 1 (6–8)7.5 (7.0–8.1)
c15 ± 1 (13–17)15 (13–17)
Stylet length113 ± 4 (108–120)120 (111–132)
Stylet cone82 ± 5 (76–90)-
Stylet shaft31 ± 2 (28–33)-
Tail length131 ± 8 (120–145)-
Spicule length42 ± 4 (35–45)43 (0.76–0.97)
Gubernaculum length18 ± 2 (15–20)17 (15–18)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2024-0026 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
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Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 25, 2023
Published on: Aug 24, 2024
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 times per year
Keywords:
28S rRNA,
detection,
ITS rRNA,
Maryland,
molecular,
morphology,
morphometrics,
phylogenetics,
statistical parsimony,
sting nematode,
taxonomy,
turfgrass
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2024 Benjamin Waldo, Andrea Skantar, Zafar Handoo, Shiguang Li, Alemayehu Habteweld, Fereshteh Shahoveisi, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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