Table 1.
Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus females collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description and females of two B. longicaudatus subclades from Habteweld et al. (2021).
| Characteristicsa | MD population (n = 10) | B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958) | Subclade IIIA (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021) | Subclade IIIB (n = 20) (Habteweld, 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | 2.5 ± 0.2 (2.2–2.8) | 2.2 (2.0–2.6) | - | - |
| a | 65 ± 5 (58–73) | 65.4 (55.7–74.9) | - | - |
| b | 8 ± 1 (7–9) | 8.4 (7.3–9.9) | ||
| c | 20 ± 2 (15–23) | 16.1 (14.5–18.0) | - | - |
| V% | 50 ± 1 (49–52) | 50 (46–54) | - | - |
| Esophagus length | 277 ± 7.39 (263–287) | - | 257 ± 22 (199–311) | 269 ± 26 (211–316) |
| Excretory pore distance | 257 ± 9.12 (236–267) | 215 (184–233) | 210 ± 18 (144–233) | 226 ± 26 (171–264) |
| Lip length | 9.1 ± 0.83 (8–10) | 17.8 (16.8–18.8) | 9.6 ± 1.1 (6.7–12.2) | 10.3 ± 1.2 (7.8–12.9) |
| Stylet length | 122 ± 5 (110–126) | 118 (100–133) | 118 ± 7 (102–129) | 126 ± 8 (99–142) |
| Stylet cone | 88 ± 6 (75–95) | 93 (84–102) | ||
| Stylet shaft | 34 ± 2 (30–35) | 34 (28–39) | ||
| Stylet knob width | 5.9 ± 0.32 (5.5–6.5) | - | 5.4 ± 0.5 (4.5–6.4) | 5.7 ± 0.5 (5.0–6.7) |
| Tail length | 128 ± 14 (114–150) | 140 (177–163) | ||
| Tail/body width ratio | 4 ± 0 (4–5) | 4.4 (3.5–5.0) | - | - |
| Tail width | 32 ± 3 (28–38) | - | - | - |
| Tail integument thickness | 6.9 ± 0.91 (5.5–8.0) | - | 6.7 ± 1.2 (4.8–10.1) | 7.2 ± 0.9 (5.4–9.1) |
| Stylet length/Tail length ratio | 1.0 ± 0.1 (0.82–1.1) | 0.81 (0.68–1.0) | 0.87 ± 0.07 (0.72–1.0) | 0.94 ± 0.08 (0.78–1.2) |
Table 2.
Morphometrics of Belonolaimus longicaudatus males collected from bermudagrass in Baltimore County, Maryland compared with the original species description.
| Characteristicsa | MD population (n = 10) | B. longicaudatus (n = 22) (Rau, 1958) |
|---|---|---|
| L | 1.9 ± 0.95 (1.8–2.1) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) |
| a | 57 ± 3 (52–62) | 64 (55–74) |
| b | 7 ± 1 (6–8) | 7.5 (7.0–8.1) |
| c | 15 ± 1 (13–17) | 15 (13–17) |
| Stylet length | 113 ± 4 (108–120) | 120 (111–132) |
| Stylet cone | 82 ± 5 (76–90) | - |
| Stylet shaft | 31 ± 2 (28–33) | - |
| Tail length | 131 ± 8 (120–145) | - |
| Spicule length | 42 ± 4 (35–45) | 43 (0.76–0.97) |
| Gubernaculum length | 18 ± 2 (15–20) | 17 (15–18) |
Figure 1.
Photomicrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus female (A) and male (B) specimens.
Figure 2.
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the 28S D2-D3 expansion region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 4 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 1 of Habteweld et al. (2021).
Figure 3.
Molecular phylogeny of Belonolaimus species as inferred from Bayesian inference of the ITS1 and ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide substitution. The 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian inference is presented. Posterior probabilities are given for appropriate clades. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Shaded regions A to D indicate corresponding groupings in Figure 5 of Mundo-Ocampo et al. (2017). Roman numerals indicate groupings shown in Figure 2 of Habteweld et al. (2021). Asterisks indicate topotype populations.
Figure 4.
28S rRNA statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Circles divided into sections represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the pies. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the 28S phylogenetic tree.
Figure 5.
ITS statistical parsimony network. The sequences of each species are marked by different color circles as indicated in the key. Pies (circles) represent sequences of each species with the same haplotype, and their size is proportional to the number of these sequences in the samples. Numbers of nucleotide differences between the sequences are indicated on lines connecting the circles. Small black dots represent missing haplotypes. New sequences are indicated in bold font. Color shaded regions A1, A2, and B correspond to groupings in the ITS phylogenetic tree.