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Heavy metals in the gizzard of the domestic pigeons and its parasite
| Heavy metals | Non-infected pigeon | Infected pigeon | Parasite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 2.176 ± 0.02 | 0.741 ± 0.02 a | 1.463 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cu | 0.690 ± 0.01 | 0.120 ± 0.01 a | 0.313 ± 0.01 ab |
| Zn | 0.911 ± 0.02 | 0.409 ± 0.01 a | 0.522 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cd | 0.034 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.001 a | 0.036 ± 0.001 ab |
| Cr | 0.559 ± 0.01 | 0.267 ± 0.01 a | 0.518 ± 0.02 ab |
| Co | 0.166 ± 0.01 | 0.086 ± 0.001 a | 0.114 ± 0.01 ab |
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals concerning nematode parasite/pigeon model
| Heavy metals | C[Hadjelia truncata]/C[pigeon organ] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | Muscles | Gizzard | |
| Fe | 1.431 | 1.675 | 1.974 |
| Cu | 2.371 | 2.445 | 2.608 |
| Zn | 2.063 | 1.611 | 1.276 |
| Cd | 3.272 | 2.250 | 3.600 |
| Cr | 1.519 | 5.630 | 1.940 |
| Co | 1.096 | 1.341 | 1.325 |
Morphological characteristics of male worms for Hadjelia truncata from the domestic pigeons
| Source of Hadjelia truncata | Body | Esophagus | Distance of nerve ring from anterior end | Spicule length | Caudal papillae | Tail length | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length | Width | Muscular length | Glandular length | Right | Left | ||||
| Cram, 1927 | 5–7 | – | – | – | – | 0.220 | 1.6 | Six pairs (4 pre- & 2 post-) of caudal papillae | – |
| Baer, 1954 | 8 | 0.285 | 0.033 | – | – | 0.225–0.300 | 1.320–1.600 | – | |
| Ibrahim et al., 1995 | 4–8 (6.4) | – | 1.8–2.7 (2.2) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Junker & Boomker, 2007 | 7–8 | 0.145–0.160 | 0.042–0.044 | 1.750–1.927 | 0.208–0.212 | 0.254–0.271 | 1.346–1.434 | – | |
| Razmi et al., 2007 | 7–9 | – | – | – | – | 0.34 | 1.26 | – | |
| Sentíes-Cué et al., 2011 | 6.5–9 | – | – | – | – | 0.35 | 1.27 | – | |
| Naem et al., 2013 | 6.5–9 | 0.151 | – | – | – | 0.35 | 1.27 | – | |
| Nabavi et al., 2013 | 1–2 | – | – | – | – | 0.320–0.350 | 1.410–1.470 | – | |
| Al-Moussawi, 2015 | 7–8 (7.5) | 0.204–0.258 (0.231) | 0.374–0.386 (0.380) | 1.620–1.680 (1.650) | 0.198–0.211 (0.204) | 0.240–0.270 (0.255) | 1.512–1.620 (1.566) | 0.127–0.138 (0.132) | |
| Oryan et al., 2016 | 7.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Jameel et al., 2016 | 6.5–9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Khordadmehr et al., 2018 | 7–11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Present study, 2023 | 6.201–8.023 (7.270) | 0.191–0.219 (0.204) | 0.353–0.376 (0.367) | 1.599–1.758 (1.623) | 0.184–0.201 (0.197) | 0.270–0.320 (0.284) | 1.332–1.511 (1.416) | 0.118–0.127 (0.122 | |
Morphological characteristics of female worms for Hadjelia truncata from the domestic pigeons
| Source of Hadjelia truncata | Body | Esophagus | Distance from anterior end | Eggs | Tail length | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length | Width | Muscular length | Glandular length | Nerve ring | Vulva opening | Length | Width | Status | ||
| Cram, 1927 | 10–16 | 0.300 | – | – | – | 2.6–16 | 0.027 | – | Numerous embryonated eggs covered with thick-shelled | – |
| Baer, 1954 | 8–16 | 0.143–0.285 | – | – | – | 1.640–3.000 | – | – | – | |
| Ibrahim et al., 1995 | 17–22 (20) | – | 2.0–2.4 (2.4) | – | 1.5–2.5 (2) | 0.050 | 0.030 | – | ||
| Junker & Boomker, 2007 | 10–11 | 0.140–0.217 | 0.005–0.007 | 1.948–2.076 | 0.159–0.185 | 1.691–2.238 | 0.050–0.053 | 0.032–0.035 | 0.121–0.138 | |
| Razmi et al., 2007 | 13–17 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Al-Moussawi, 2008 | 14–15.22 (14.62) | 0.168–0.199 (0.183) | 0.512–0.57 (0.54) | 0.589–0.622 (0.605) | 0.003–0.024 (0.015) | – | – | – | 0.113–0.150 (0.132) | |
| Mohammad & Al-Moussawi, 2011 | 11.10–14.88 (13.15) | 0.18–0.28 (0.23) | 0.450–0.566 (0.461) | 1.47–3.32 (2.435) | – | 1.575–2.730 (2.281) | 0.033–0.057 (0.044) | 0.015–0.041 (0.034) | – | |
| Sentíes-Cué et al., 2011 | 12–16.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Naem et al., 2013 | 12 | 16.5 | 0.229 | – | – | 2.155 | – | – | – | |
| Nabavi et al., 2013 | 3–5 | – | – | – | – | 0.054–0.059 | 0.030–0.032 | |||
| Al-Moussawi & Jassim, 2015 | 23.226–26.156 (24.594) | 0.231–0.312 (0.2782) | 3.510–3.666 (3.588) | – | 0.260–0.312 (0.291) | 3.276–3.413 (3.364) | 0.052–0.104 (0.078) | 0.021–0.312 (0.026) | 0.104–0.234 (0.148) | |
| Al-Moussawi, 2015 | 8–17 (12) | 0.147–0.270 (0.224) | 2.750–3.648 (3.379) | 2.002–2.835 (2.215) | 0.178–0.206 (0.192) | 1.501–3.022 (2.108) | 0.046–0.048 (0.047) | 0.024–0.0408 (0.047) | 0.145–0.230 (0.196) | |
| Oryan et al., 2016 | 19.8 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.045 | 0.031 | – | |
| Jameel et al., 2016 | 12–16.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Khordadmehr et al., 2018 | 15–20 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.043–0.045 | 0.020–0.030 | – | |
| Present study, 2023 | 12.270–18.583 (17.792) | 0.256–0.314 (0.287) | 3.515–3.759 (3.601) | 2.160–2.211 (2.181) | 0.198–0.225 (0.211) | 3.011–3.054 (3.027) | 0.046–0.051 (0.048) | 0.029–0.033 (0.031) | 0.118–0.132 (0.124) | |
Heavy metals in the liver of the domestic pigeons and its parasite
| Heavy metals | Non-infected pigeon | Infected pigeon | Parasite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 5.907 ± 0.02 | 1.022 ± 0.02 a | 1.463 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cu | 0.608 ± 0.02 | 0.132 ± 0.01 a | 0.313 ± 0.00 ab |
| Zn | 0.935 ± 0.02 | 0.253 ± 0.02 a | 0.522 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cd | 0.046 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.001 a | 0.036 ± 0.001 ab |
| Cr | 0.617 ± 0.02 | 0.341 ± 0.01 a | 0.518 ± 0.02 ab |
| Co | 0.212 ± 0.01 | 0.104 ± 0.01 a | 0.114 ± 0.01 ab |
Heavy metals in the muscle of the domestic pigeons and its parasite
| Heavy metals | Non-infected pigeon | Infected pigeon | Parasite |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | 2.222 ± 0.02 | 0.873 ± 0.02 a | 1.463 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cu | 0.582 ± 0.02 | 0.128 ± 0.01 a | 0.313 ± 0.01 ab |
| Zn | 0.974 ± 0.02 | 0.324 ± 0.02 a | 0.522 ± 0.02 ab |
| Cd | 0.050 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.001 a | 0.036 ± 0.001 ab |
| Cr | 0.592 ± 0.02 | 0.092 ± 0.001 a | 0.518 ± 0.02 ab |
| Co | 0.473 ± 0.01 | 0.085 ± 0.01 a | 0.114 ± 0.01 ab |