Morphological, molecular, and histopathological studies on Hadjelia truncata from Columba livia domestica and its role as an environmental biological indicator

Source of Hadjelia truncata	Body		Esophagus		Distance of nerve ring from anterior end	Spicule length		Caudal papillae	Tail length
Source of Hadjelia truncata	Length	Width	Muscular length	Glandular length	Distance of nerve ring from anterior end	Right	Left	Caudal papillae	Tail length
Cram, 1927	5–7	–	–	–	–	0.220	1.6	Six pairs (4 pre- & 2 post-) of caudal papillae	–
Baer, 1954	8	0.285	0.033	–	–	0.225–0.300	1.320–1.600		–
Ibrahim et al., 1995	4–8 (6.4)	–	1.8–2.7 (2.2)		–	–	–		–
Junker & Boomker, 2007	7–8	0.145–0.160	0.042–0.044	1.750–1.927	0.208–0.212	0.254–0.271	1.346–1.434		–
Razmi et al., 2007	7–9	–	–	–	–	0.34	1.26		–
Sentíes-Cué et al., 2011	6.5–9	–	–	–	–	0.35	1.27		–
Naem et al., 2013	6.5–9	0.151	–	–	–	0.35	1.27		–
Nabavi et al., 2013	1–2	–	–	–	–	0.320–0.350	1.410–1.470	–
Al-Moussawi, 2015	7–8 (7.5)	0.204–0.258 (0.231)	0.374–0.386 (0.380)	1.620–1.680 (1.650)	0.198–0.211 (0.204)	0.240–0.270 (0.255)	1.512–1.620 (1.566)	0.127–0.138 (0.132)
Oryan et al., 2016	7.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Jameel et al., 2016	6.5–9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Khordadmehr et al., 2018	7–11	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Present study, 2023	6.201–8.023 (7.270)	0.191–0.219 (0.204)	0.353–0.376 (0.367)	1.599–1.758 (1.623)	0.184–0.201 (0.197)	0.270–0.320 (0.284)	1.332–1.511 (1.416)	0.118–0.127 (0.122

Table 2.

Morphological characteristics of female worms for Hadjelia truncata from the domestic pigeons

Source of Hadjelia truncata	Body		Esophagus		Distance from anterior end		Eggs			Tail length
Source of Hadjelia truncata	Length	Width	Muscular length	Glandular length	Nerve ring	Vulva opening	Length	Width	Status	Tail length
Cram, 1927	10–16	0.300	–	–	–	2.6–16	0.027	–	Numerous embryonated eggs covered with thick-shelled	–
Baer, 1954	8–16	0.143–0.285	–	–	–	1.640–3.000	–	–		–
Ibrahim et al., 1995	17–22 (20)	–	2.0–2.4 (2.4)		–	1.5–2.5 (2)	0.050	0.030		–
Junker & Boomker, 2007	10–11	0.140–0.217	0.005–0.007	1.948–2.076	0.159–0.185	1.691–2.238	0.050–0.053	0.032–0.035		0.121–0.138
Razmi et al., 2007	13–17	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Al-Moussawi, 2008	14–15.22 (14.62)	0.168–0.199 (0.183)	0.512–0.57 (0.54)	0.589–0.622 (0.605)	0.003–0.024 (0.015)	–	–	–		0.113–0.150 (0.132)
Mohammad & Al-Moussawi, 2011	11.10–14.88 (13.15)	0.18–0.28 (0.23)	0.450–0.566 (0.461)	1.47–3.32 (2.435)	–	1.575–2.730 (2.281)	0.033–0.057 (0.044)	0.015–0.041 (0.034)		–
Sentíes-Cué et al., 2011	12–16.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Naem et al., 2013	12	16.5	0.229	–	–	2.155	–	–	–
Nabavi et al., 2013	3–5	–	–	–	–		0.054–0.059	0.030–0.032
Al-Moussawi & Jassim, 2015	23.226–26.156 (24.594)	0.231–0.312 (0.2782)	3.510–3.666 (3.588)	–	0.260–0.312 (0.291)	3.276–3.413 (3.364)	0.052–0.104 (0.078)	0.021–0.312 (0.026)	0.104–0.234 (0.148)
Al-Moussawi, 2015	8–17 (12)	0.147–0.270 (0.224)	2.750–3.648 (3.379)	2.002–2.835 (2.215)	0.178–0.206 (0.192)	1.501–3.022 (2.108)	0.046–0.048 (0.047)	0.024–0.0408 (0.047)	0.145–0.230 (0.196)
Oryan et al., 2016	19.8	–	–	–	–	–	0.045	0.031	–
Jameel et al., 2016	12–16.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Khordadmehr et al., 2018	15–20	–	–	–	–	–	0.043–0.045	0.020–0.030	–
Present study, 2023	12.270–18.583 (17.792)	0.256–0.314 (0.287)	3.515–3.759 (3.601)	2.160–2.211 (2.181)	0.198–0.225 (0.211)	3.011–3.054 (3.027)	0.046–0.051 (0.048)	0.029–0.033 (0.031)	0.118–0.132 (0.124)

A consensus phylogenetic tree constructed with neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods, showing phylogenetic relationships between *Hadjelia truncata* and related taxa in NCBI GenBank with *Ascaris lumbricoides* as an outgroup. The ML and NJ trees are inferred from the 18S rDNA sequences data generated from the *H. truncata* recovered from *Columba livia domestica* (OR122274 to OR122276 given in bold) and related taxa from GenBank. Numbers indicated at branch nodes are bootstrap values (ML/NJ). Only bootstraps > 60% are shown.

Photographs of the gizzards of the domestic pigeons. (A) Non-infected gizzard. (B) Enlargement of the infected gizzard. (C) Normal koilin layer. (D and E) Nematodes infection under the koilin layer of the gizzard.

(A–C) Histopathological sections from the gizzard’s wall infected with *Hadjelia truncata*, exhibiting the transverse sections of the nematodes (black arrows) with a large number of embryonated eggs (EG). The koilin layer is disrupted and fragmented with multiple clear spaces (asterisks).

Table 3.

Heavy metals in the liver of the domestic pigeons and its parasite

Heavy metals	Non-infected pigeon	Infected pigeon	Parasite
Fe	5.907 ± 0.02	1.022 ± 0.02 ^a	1.463 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cu	0.608 ± 0.02	0.132 ± 0.01 ^a	0.313 ± 0.00 ^{a, b}
Zn	0.935 ± 0.02	0.253 ± 0.02 ^a	0.522 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cd	0.046 ± 0.001	0.011 ± 0.001 ^a	0.036 ± 0.001 ^{a, b}
Cr	0.617 ± 0.02	0.341 ± 0.01 ^a	0.518 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Co	0.212 ± 0.01	0.104 ± 0.01 ^a	0.114 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}

Values are means ±SD.

a significance at p ≤ 0.05 against a control group,

b significant at p ≤ 0.05 against the infected group.

Table 4.

Heavy metals in the muscle of the domestic pigeons and its parasite

Heavy metals	Non-infected pigeon	Infected pigeon	Parasite
Fe	2.222 ± 0.02	0.873 ± 0.02 ^a	1.463 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cu	0.582 ± 0.02	0.128 ± 0.01 ^a	0.313 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}
Zn	0.974 ± 0.02	0.324 ± 0.02 ^a	0.522 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cd	0.050 ± 0.001	0.016 ± 0.001 ^a	0.036 ± 0.001 ^{a, b}
Cr	0.592 ± 0.02	0.092 ± 0.001 ^a	0.518 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Co	0.473 ± 0.01	0.085 ± 0.01 ^a	0.114 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}

Values are means ±SD.

a significance at p ≤ 0.05 against a control group,

b significant at p ≤ 0.05 against the infected group.

Table 5.

Heavy metals in the gizzard of the domestic pigeons and its parasite

Heavy metals	Non-infected pigeon	Infected pigeon	Parasite
Fe	2.176 ± 0.02	0.741 ± 0.02 ^a	1.463 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cu	0.690 ± 0.01	0.120 ± 0.01 ^a	0.313 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}
Zn	0.911 ± 0.02	0.409 ± 0.01 ^a	0.522 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Cd	0.034 ± 0.001	0.010 ± 0.001 ^a	0.036 ± 0.001 ^{a, b}
Cr	0.559 ± 0.01	0.267 ± 0.01 ^a	0.518 ± 0.02 ^{a, b}
Co	0.166 ± 0.01	0.086 ± 0.001 ^a	0.114 ± 0.01 ^{a, b}

Values are means ±SD.

a significance at p ≤ 0.05 against a control group,

b significant at p ≤ 0.05 against the infected group.

Table 6.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals concerning nematode parasite/pigeon model

Heavy metals	C_{[Hadjelia truncata]}/C_{[pigeon organ]}
Heavy metals	Liver	Muscles	Gizzard
Fe	1.431	1.675	1.974
Cu	2.371	2.445	2.608
Zn	2.063	1.611	1.276
Cd	3.272	2.250	3.600
Cr	1.519	5.630	1.940
Co	1.096	1.341	1.325

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0050 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jul 13, 2023

Published on: Nov 16, 2023

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Columba livia,

Parasites,

Identification tools,

Related subjects:

© 2023 Mohammed Albeshr, Rajwa Alsharief, Fatimah Al-Otibi, Esam M. Al-Shaebi, Osama B. Mohammed, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 55 (2023): Issue 1 (February 2023)

Morphological, molecular, and histopathological studies on Hadjelia truncata from Columba livia domestica and its role as an environmental biological indicator

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

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