Management of Reniform Nematode in Cotton Using Winter Crop Residue Amendments Under Greenhouse Conditions

	Trial 1		Trial 2		Trial 3
	Date	DAP^a	Date	DAP^a	Date	DAP^a
1. Winter Crops
1.1 Planting	08 November 2020	0	28 January 2021	0	18 October 2021	0
1.2 Harvest
• Dry OM treatments	22 January 2021	75	12 April 2021	74	02 January 2022	76
• Fresh OM treatments	29 January 2021	82	20 April 2021	82	08 January 2022	82
1.3 Organic matter incorporation and nematode inoculation	30 January 2021	83	21 April 2021	83	09 January 2022	83
2. Cotton
2.1 Planting	05 February 2021	0	26 April 2021	0	14 January 2022	0
2.2 Plant growth assessment	22 April 2021	76	11 July 2021	76	31 March 2022	76
2.2 Harvest	29 April 2021	83	17 July 2021	82	07 April 2022	83

a Days after planting

Reniform nematode (RN) in 100 cm³ of soil, by amendment, in Trial 1 (A), Trial 2 (B), and Trial 3 (C). Ctrl = control without organic matter (OM), Fresh OM= treatment with fresh OM, Dry OM = treatments with dry OM. Letters indicate treatment separation by Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni's method, P < 0.05. Data is displayed as boxplots.

Reniform nematode (RN), by amendment, per gram of root in Trial 1 (A), Trial 2 (B), and Trial 3 (C) and in the root system in Trial 1 (D), Trial 2 (E), and Trial 3 (F) Ctrl = control without organic matter (OM), Fresh OM = treatment with fresh OM, Dry OM = treatments with dry OM. Letters indicate treatment separation by Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni's method, P<0.05. Data is displayed as boxplots.

Reniform nematode (RN) reproduction factor (total RN per pot final population/inoculated initial population), by amendment, in Trial 1 (A), Trial 2 (B), and Trial 3 (C). Ctrl = control without organic matter (OM), Fresh OM = treatment with fresh OM, Dry OM = treatments with dry OM. Letters indicate treatment separation by Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni's method, P < 0.05. Data is displayed as boxplots.

Table 2.

Influence of winter crop organic matter incorporation on cotton growth and SPAD value in greenhouse conditions in the presence of reniform nematode.

Treatment	Canopy cover	Height (cm)	Roots fresh weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Shoot fresh weight (g)	SPAD
p-value^b	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***
Control −^c	6.1 ± 1.2 c	13.0 ± 1.2 bc	6.6 ± 0.9 b	2.1 ± 0.3 cd	5.2 ± 0.8 cd	43.0 ± 1.8 b
Control +^d	5.7 ± 0.7 c	11.3 ± 0.8 c	9.2 ± 1.6 ab	1.5 ± 0.1 d	4.1 ± 0.4 d	34.0 ± 1.0 c
Fresh Amendment
Canola	13.6 ± 0.9 abc	18.5 ± 0.9 abc	16.6 ± 3.4 a	3.4 ± 0.2 bc	9.2 ± 0.6 abc	42.2 ± 1.8 b
Carinata	9.1 ± 1.5 bc	16.3 ± 1.7 abc	10.6 ± 1.9 ab	2.0 ± 0.3 cd	5.9 ± 0.9 cd	45.4 ± 1.2 ab
Hairy vetch	11.5 ± 2.4 abc	15.4 ± 1.7 abc	7.4 ± 1 b	2.7 ± 0.4 bcd	7.3 ± 1.1 bcd	43.3 ± 1.1 b
Oat	8.4 ± 1.6 bc	17.7 ± 2.4 abc	7.5 ± 1.5 b	1.5 ± 0.2 d	4.5 ± 0.7 cd	43.4 ± 1.1 b
Dry Amendment
Canola	19.2 ± 4.8 ab	21.5 ± 2.6 a	7.6 ± 1.4 b	3.8 ± 0.5 abc	11.7 ± 1.7 ab	49.4 ± 0.7 a
Carinata	15.7 ± 2.2 ab	20.6 ± 0.8 ab	8.0 ± 0.6 b	3.9 ± 0.4 ab	11.0 ± 1.1 ab	50.6 ± 0.3 a
Hairy vetch	19.0 ± 3.5 ab	21.5 ± 2.2 a	11.3 ± 2.0 ab	4.3 ± 0.5 ab	11.9 ± 1.4 ab	49.8 ± 0.5 a
Oat	21.4 ± 0.9 a	22.1 ± 0.7 a	8.8 ± 1.0 ab	5.3 ± 0.3 a	14.0 ± 1.1 a	49.5 ± 1.3 a

Treatment	Canopy cover	Height (cm)	Roots fresh weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Shoot fresh weight (g)	SPAD
p-value^b	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***
Control −^c	4.8 ± 0.6 b	13.9 ± 1.1 cd	6.7 ± 0.6 de	2.1 ± 0.2 ab	5.8 ± 0.5 abc	39.3 ± 4.5 ab
Control +^d	1.7 ± 0.5 c	11.6 ± 1.5 d	3.4 ± 0.5 e	0.5 ± 0.1 c	1.8 ± 0.5 d	24.6 ± 2.2 c
Fresh Amendment
Canola	8.7 ± 1.4 ab	16.6 ± 1.8 bcd	13.4 ± 1.2 abcd	2.1 ± 0.4 ab	7.8 ± 1.1 abc	33.0 ± 1.2 bc
Carinata	6.6 ± 0.9 b	16.6 ± 0.7 bcd	9.4 ± 0.7 bcd	1.9 ± 0.5 abc	5.8 ± 1.3 bc	38.0 ± 2.9 ab
Hairy vetch	5.4 ± 0.9 b	18.3 ± 0.7 abc	11.1 ± 1.5 abcd	1.5 ± 0.3 abc	5.1 ± 0.7 bc	33.7 ± 2.6 bc
Oat	5.4 ± 1.2 b	15.8 ± 1.6 bcd	9.1 ± 1.9 cd	1.6 ± 0.4 bc	4.0 ± 1.1 cd	32 ± 1.5 bc
Dry Amendment
Canola	16.5 ± 3.1 a	23.1 ± 1.3 a	20.0 ± 1.9 a	3.5 ± 0.4 a	12 ± 1.4 a	47.3 ± 0.4 a
Carinata	10.6 ± 1.5 ab	19.3 ± 0.9 abc	18.0 ± 2.6 ab	2.6 ± 0.4 ab	8.7 ± 1.1 ab	46.5 ± 1.3 a
Hairy vetch	10.7 ± 0.6 ab	19.7 ± 0.4 ab	16.7 ± 1.7 abc	2.5 ± 0.3 ab	8.1 ± 0.9 ab	43.0 ± 0.7 ab
Oat	5.9 ± 1.6 b	14.7 ± 1.2 bcd	10.8 ± 2.8 bcd	1.4 ± 0.3 bc	5.3 ± 0.9 bc	35.3 ± 1.2 ab

Treatment	Canopy cover	Height (cm)	Roots fresh weight (g)	Shoot dry weight (g)	Shoot fresh weight (g)	SPAD
p-value^b	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***	^***
Control −^c	9.3 ± 0.9 cd	8.0 ± 0.4 e	7.4 ± 0.3 b	1.9 ± 0.1 cd	6.1 ± 0.5 bc	50.9 ± 1.3 a
Control +^d	5.1 ± 0.5 d	10.2 ± 0.3 d	4.4 ± 0.3 c	1.4 ± 0.1 d	4.3 ± 0.3 c	41.5 ± 1.4 b
Fresh Amendment
Canola	9.7 ± 1.1 c	10.8 ± 0.6 cd	9.3 ± 0.7 ab	1.8 ± 0.1 cd	6.2 ± 0.4 bc	42.6 ± 0.9 b
Carinata	10.3 ± 1.3 abc	11.0 ± 0.9 cd	9.5 ± 1.2 ab	2.1 ± 0.2 bcd	6.8 ± 0.7 bc	47.0 ± 1.5 ab
Hairy vetch	10.2 ± 1.4 bc	10.6 ± 0.8 cd	11.0 ± 1.0 ab	1.9 ± 0.3 cd	6.3 ± 0.9 bc	42.9 ± 1.5 b
Oat	11.8 ± 1.5 abc	11.7 ± 1 bcd	11.5 ± 0.8 a	2.3 ± 0.2 abcd	7.5 ± 0.6 ab	43.6 ± 0.9 b
Dry Amendment
Canola	15.2 ± 1.2 abc	12.6 ± 0.6 abc	8.1 ± 0.8 ab	2.7 ± 0.2 abc	9.5 ± 0.6 ab	47.4 ± 1.0 ab
Carinata	18.4 ± 2.5 a	14.7 ± 0.7 a	8.5 ± 0.9 ab	3.5 ± 0.4 a	11.3 ± 1.2 a	51.5 ± 0.8 a
Hairy vetch	17.1 ± 1.5 ab	13.8 ± 0.6 ab	7.6 ± 0.4 b	3.2 ± 0.1 ab	10.6 ± 0.6 a	51.5 ± 0.8 a
Oat	16.0 ± 2.2 abc	14.3 ± 0.6 a	8.8 ± 0.3 ab	2.9 ± 0.3 abc	9.4 ± 0.9 ab	49.5 ± 1.6 a

a Mean ± standard error. (N = 6)

b Letters within the same plant parameter and column indicate significant differences between treatments by trial (Tukey HSD, P ≤ 0.05).

{ label (or @symbol) needed for fn[@id='j_jofnem-2023-0041_table-fn_004'] } “^***”denotes ANOVA with P ≤ 0.01.

c Ctrl− indicates the treatment without nematodes and without OM

d Ctrl+ indicates the treatment with nematodes but without OM

Spearman correlation between reniform nematode (RN) and plant parameters in Trial 1 (A), Trial 2 (B), and Trial 3 (C) in experiment 1. Numbers inside squares represent the rho value if P ≤ 0.05. Empty squares represent P ≥ 0.05. Signs before numbers and colors indicate the magnitude of the correlation. 1 (orange color) = perfect positive association of rank, −1 (blue color) = perfect negative association between ranks. RF = Reproduction factor.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0041 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X

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Language: English

Submitted on: Feb 2, 2023

Published on: Oct 21, 2023

Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

canola,

cotton,

host,

oat,

Rotylenchulus reniformis,

Related subjects:

© 2023 Rebeca Sandoval-Ruiz, Zane J. Grabau, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 55 (2023): Issue 1 (February 2023)

Management of Reniform Nematode in Cotton Using Winter Crop Residue Amendments Under Greenhouse Conditions

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Table 2.

Figure 4:

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