Have a personal or library account? Click to login

Belonolaimus longicaudatus management using metam potassium and fluensulfone in potato

Journal of Nematology
Volume 55 (2023): Issue 1 (February 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Jul 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Potato plant stand as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant stand as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 2:

Potato plant vigor and phytotoxicity during production 2020 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant vigor and phytotoxicity during production 2020 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 3:

Reduced stand and plant vigor in metam+fluensulfone treatment (right) compared with untreated control (left) at 36 days after planting in 2020.
Reduced stand and plant vigor in metam+fluensulfone treatment (right) compared with untreated control (left) at 36 days after planting in 2020.

Figure 4:

Symptoms of phytotoxicity on emerging potato shoots in treatments with metam potassium alone or in combination with fluensulfone at 36 days after planting in 2020. There is browning at tips of shoots and leaf unfolding is delayed.
Symptoms of phytotoxicity on emerging potato shoots in treatments with metam potassium alone or in combination with fluensulfone at 36 days after planting in 2020. There is browning at tips of shoots and leaf unfolding is delayed.

Figure 5:

Potato plant vigor during production in 2021 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Potato plant vigor during production in 2021 as affected by nematicide application. Timing indicated in days after planting (DAP). Plant vigor is a visual rating on a 0–100 scale with 100 best. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 6:

Marketable and total yield as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Marketable yield is USDA size A tubers without defects. Total yield includes marketable yield and culls due to size or quality. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Marketable and total yield as affected by nematicide application in 2020 and 2021. Marketable yield is USDA size A tubers without defects. Total yield includes marketable yield and culls due to size or quality. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 7:

Sting nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05). effects for a given season (ANOVA, P < 0.05).
Sting nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05). effects for a given season (ANOVA, P < 0.05).

Figure 8:

Stunt nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Stunt nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Figure 9:

Free-living nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).
Free-living nematode soil population densities at preplant (before fumigation), midseason (37 to 44 days after planting), and harvest in 2020 and 2021 as affected by nematicide treatments. Bars and brackets represent means (N=6) and standard errors, respectively. “UTC”, “MP-A”, “MP+FL”, “FL-A”, and “1,3-D” represent untreated control, metam potassium alone, metam potassium mixed with fluensulfone, fluensulfone alone, and 1,3-dichloropropene nematicide treatments, respectively. Within each subfigure, means with different letters are significantly different (Fisher’s protected LSD, α=0.05).

Weight (kg/ha) of tubers culled due to quality defects by category in 2021 season_a

Nematicide TreatmentRottedGreenGrowth crackMisshapenTotal quality cullsbGrand total cullsc
Untreated control469 ab72 c4433051,2894,598 b
Metam potassium237 bc457 a5752911,5614,768 b
Metam+Fluensulfone291 abc299 ab335419673,874 c
Fluensulfone145 c65 c9411681,3194,590 b
1,3-dichlorpropene545 a74 bc1,127371,7825,877 a

Schedule for data collection and trial establishment_ Numbers in parentheses are days before (negative) or after (positive) planting_

EventYear 1 (2019–2020)Year 2 (2020–2021)
Preplant soil sampling18 Dec (−38)14 Dec (−30)
Nematicide application2 Jan (−25)18 Dec (−26)
Beds tilled and re-formed13 Jan (−14)5 Jan (−8)
Planting27 Jan (0)13 Jan (0)
Stand count 126 Feb (30)18 Feb (36)
Stand count 24 Mar (37)26 Feb (44)
Vigor rating 126 Feb (30)18 Feb (36)
Vigor rating 24 Mar (37)26 Feb (44)
Vigor rating 318 Mar (52)3 Mar (50)
Vigor rating 4–12 Mar (59)
Midseason soil sampling4 Mar (37)26 Feb (44)
Harvest soil sampling8 May (103)14 Apr (92)
Harvest11 May (106)21 Apr (99)

Environmental conditions during the weeks before and after nematicide application for trials in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021

Time Perioda2019–20202020–2021
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
RainfallbSoilcAirRainfallSoilAir
2 WBA7.5416.916.00.5316.312.0
1 WBA1.0218.618.30.6916.715.2
Day of application016.816.5014.97.3
1 WAA0.5316.414.02.5415.513.3
2 WAA0.0018.421.10.2514.313.9
3 WAA0.0017.013.10.2315.914.2
4 WAAd0.0316.113.20.2014.211.2
5 WAA1.4216.315.40.1313.311.3
6 WAA0.0817.317.52.5116.115.8
7 WAA0.8618.518.10.5113.411.1
8 WAA1.9317.114.06.7316.718.1
9 WAA0.2016.916.45.6618.217.7
10 WAA0.0817.317.52.5116.115.8

Chemistries and rates for nematicide treatments_

Treatment abbreviationProductActive ingredientLiters product/bedded haakg a.i./bedded haMethod
1. UTCUntreated controlNone---
2. MP-AMetam KLRbMetam potassium562390Fumigation
3. MP+FLMetam KLRMetam potassium562390Fumigation (tank mix)
NIMITZcFluensulfone7.03.36
4. FL-ANIMITZFluensulfone7.03.36Ground spray
5. 1,3-DTelone IId1,3-dichloropropene7588.3Fumigation

Potato tuber yield (kg/ha) by grade and nematicide treatment_a

GradeCbBA1A2A3Size cullsc
Nematicide Treatment2020
Untreated control8051,4084,965 bc13,243 bc4512,213
Metam potassium6378493,904 c10,613 c3031,486
Metam+Fluensulfone8391,1476,014 abc14,429 abc4681,986
Fluensulfone7731,8327,954 ab17,112 ab5472,606
1,3-dichlorpropene1,0391,9698,948 a18,884 a543,008
Nematicide Treatment2021
Untreated control1,394 ab1,914 b6,9347,782 c03,308 b
Metam potassium1,267 b1,940 b7,26611,596 a03,208 b
Metam+Fluensulfone1,145 b1,763 b6,8459,066 bc02,908 b
Fluensulfone1,272 b1,998 b6,7297,577 c03,270 b
1,3-dichlorpropene1,585 a2,511 a7,64510,886 ab04,095 a
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0028 | Journal eISSN: 2640-396X | Journal ISSN: 0022-300X
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 23, 2023
Published on: Jul 6, 2023
Published by: Society of Nematologists, Inc.
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
1,3-Dichloropropene,
fluensulfone,
fumigant,
metam potassium,
nematicide,
nematode community,
potato,
sting nematode
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other

© 2023 Zane J. Grabau, Chang Liu, Pablo A. Navia Gine, published by Society of Nematologists, Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Previous articleVolume 55 (2023): Issue 1 (February 2023)Next article