Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure S1
Figure S2
Figure S3
Morphometrics of IJs and adult generations of Steinernema africanum n_ sp_
| Characters | Male first generation | Male second generation | Female first generation | Female second generation | Infective juvenile | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specimen type | Holotype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype | Paratype |
| n | 1 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Body length (L) | 1,300 | 1,202.2 ± 141.4 (977‒1,400) | 955.4 ±92.8 (831‒1,213) | 3,319.1 ± 763.2(2,469‒5,033) | 1,620.0 ±487.6 (924‒2,311) | 750.9 ± 39.8 (690‒802) |
| a (L/BD) | 9.9 | 10.3 ±0.9 (9.1‒11.6) | 17.0 ±1.6 (14.3‒19.0) | 18.0 ±3.9 (13.2‒27.0) | 13.5 ±1.0 (12.1‒15.7) | 28.0 ± 2.4 (23.2‒30.4) |
| b (L/NL) | 8.8 | 8.4 ± 0.8 (7.2‒9.6) | 7.3 ± 0.6 (6.6‒8.5) | 17.4 ±3.7 (12.8‒23.9) | 10.1 ±2.1 (7.2‒12.9) | 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.3‒6.3) |
| c (L/TL) | 28.3 | 29.0 ± 3.3 (24.5‒33.9) | 29.7 ± 2.9 (25.8‒35.7) | 74.1 ± 17.6 (50.6‒103.9) | 33.5 ±11.7 (16.5‒50.9) | 11.9 ± 1.3(10.3‒14.9) |
| c' (TL/ABW) | 0.9 | 1.0 ±0.1 (0.9‒1.1) | 1.0 ±0.1 (0.7‒1.1) | 0.9 ±0.1 (0.7‒1.0) | 1.5 ±0.3(1.2‒2.3) | 3.7 ± 0.4 (2.9‒4.2) |
| T(MR/L × 100), | 94 | 87.3 ± 11.8 (65‒99) | 71.6 ± 13.4 (58‒96) | 52.0 ± 2.7 (50‒57) | 56.0 ± 1.9 (53‒58) | ‒ |
| V (VA/L × 100) | ||||||
| Lip region diameter | 21 | 19.5 ±3.2(13‒25) | 15.1 ±1.6 (11‒17) | 24.9 ±3.3(19‒31) | 22.3 ±6.5 (14‒34) | 6.1 ± 0.7 (5‒7) |
| Stoma length | 9 | 7.5 ±2.1 (5‒11) | 6.7 ± 1.2 (5‒9) | 12.8 ± 2.9 (8‒19) | 11.1 ± 2.4 (8‒16) | 17.6 ± 4.4 (10‒23) |
| Corpus length | 84 | 83.5 ± 5.2 (72‒90) | 69.9 ± 3.3 (65‒76) | 91.9 ± 8.1 (77‒108) | 83.0 ± 14.0 (62‒101) | 85.5 ± 8.1 (72‒97) |
| Isthmus length | 26 | 20.8 ± 3.3 (14‒26) | 22.4 ± 2.7 (18‒28) | 27.6 ± 5.6 (21‒40) | 23.8 ± 7.1 (11‒35) | 27.6 ± 5.4 (19‒37) |
| Bulb length | 28 | 29.2 ± 3.7 (25‒38) | 26.9 ± 2.6 (22‒32) | 45.1 ± 6.6 (37‒58) | 33.3 ± 4.7 (24‒42) | 22.8 ± 2.0 (18‒26) |
| Cardia length | 11 | 8.7 ±1.5 (6‒11) | 5.8 ±1.8 (4‒11) | 11.5 ± 3.1 (8‒19) | 7.7 ± 2.7 (4‒12) | ‒ |
| NR to anterior | 95 | 91.5 ± 8.1 (79‒104) | 83.5 ± 7.6 (74‒101) | 105.4 ± 14.9 (79‒130) | 96.4 ± 19.8 (69‒124) | 117.7 ± 11.5 (87‒132) |
| EP to anterior | 105 | 93.4 ± 12.4 (69‒109) | 91.2 ± 6.7 (83‒104) | 89.4 ± 14.3 (67‒111) | 83.6 ± 11.6 (61‒104) | 59.3 ± 4.2 (54‒68) |
| PL | 138 | 134.7 ± 5.4 (123‒142) | 123.5 ± 5.6 (117‒135) | 169.6 ± 8.8 (158‒188) | 140.9 ± 19.7 (113‒167) | 137.2 ± 9.2 (113‒153) |
| NL(Stoma+PL) | 147 | 142.5 ± 4.4 (132‒147) | 131.1 ±5.6 (124‒143) | 185.3 ± 7.9 (170‒201) | 152.6 ± 21.6 (122‒181) | 154.4 ± 12.0 (123‒167) |
| BD at neck base | 73 | 65.7 ± 10.8 (41‒76) | 44.7 ± 11.4 (37‒73) | 124.4 ± 9.3 (113‒153) | 77.5 ± 17.4 (47‒105) | 26.1 ±1.6(21‒29) |
| BD at midbody | 131 | 114.8 ± 17.9 (65‒131) | 54.1 ± 5.2 (39‒59) | 181.0 ± 14.8 (154‒208) | 114.7 ± 37.3 (59‒167) | 26.9 ± 1.6 (25‒32) |
| Anal BD (ABW) | 50 | 41.9 ± 5.5 (33‒50) | 34.8 ± 5.7 (30‒48) | 52.4 ± 8.2 (37‒70) | 33.9 ± 5.8 (26‒43) | 17.2 ± 1.1 (16‒20) |
| Vagina length | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 20.8 ± 6.3 (11‒33) | 24.2 ± 11.9 (10‒49) | ‒ |
| VA end | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1,767.1 ± 445.4 (1,284‒2,411) | 905.9 ± 266.0 (516‒1,217) | ‒ |
| Rectum length (RL) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 46.4 ± 8.8 (33‒63) | 37.3 ± 14.3 (20‒64) | 28.3 ± 3.9 (23‒38) |
| Tail length (TL) | 46 | 41.1 ± 4.0 (34‒46) | 33.9 ± 4.8 (28‒46) | 44.6 ± 5.9 (35‒55) | 49.7 ±5.7 (40‒60) | 64.0 ± 7.1 (52‒72) |
| Tail hyaline length (H) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.4 ± 2.6 (4‒11) | 12.2 ± 3.8 (6‒19) | 22.5 ± 3.7 (17‒27) |
| SL | 72 | 71.1 ± 3.6 (65‒76) | 59.5 ± 4.8 (53‒68) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
| GL | 42 | 42.5 ± 4.2 (32‒49) | 32.6 ± 5.7 (25‒46) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
| Stoma length/lip region width | 0.4 | 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.2‒0.7) | 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.3‒0.5) | 0.5 ± 0.1 (0.3‒0.6) | 0.5 ± 0.1 (0.3‒0.7) | 2.9 ± 0.6 (1.5‒3.7) |
| NR% (NR/NL × 100) | 65 | 63.9 ± 4.9 (56‒71) | 63.7 ± 3.5 (60‒71) | 56.9 ± 7.9 (43‒65) | 63.2 ± 8.5 (43‒69) | 76.3 ± 5.8 (69‒90) |
| D % (EP/NL × 100) | 71 | 65.1 ± 7.2 (52‒74) | 69.6 ± 2.7 (67‒75) | 48.3 ± 8.4 (36‒62) | 55.5 ± 9.7 (49‒79) | 38.1 ± 2.7 (34‒46) |
| E% (EP/TL × 100) | 228 | 224.6 ± 22.7 (197‒261) | 284.3 ± 34.5 (243‒345) | 204.8 ± 44.9 (132‒281) | 170.9 ± 33.4 (122‒221) | 94.7 ± 17.4 (79‒129) |
| Rectum % (RL/ABD × 100) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 90.4 ± 19.7 (58‒112) | 108.1 ±29.3 (74‒163) | 164.3 ± 17.1 (128‒211) |
| H % (H/TL × 100) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15.7 ± 5.1 (8‒20) | 21.6 ± 11.7 (12‒40) | 35.2 ± 3.4 (28‒39) |
| SW% (SL/ABD × 100) | 144.0 | 172.3 ± 21.3 (144‒197) | 177.2 ± 19.8(142‒217) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
| GS % (GL/SL × 100) | 58 | 59.9 ± 5.9 (49‒68) | 54.7 ± 7.1 (46‒68) | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
| Male reproductive system (MR) | 1,218 | 1,044.3 ± 240.9 (639‒1,371) | 692.9 ± 172.4 (553‒1,166) | |||
| Testis reflexion | 281 | 280.2 ± 66.3 (116‒352) | 159.7 ± 64.6 (89‒273) | ‒ | ‒ | - |
| Mucron | 5.1 | 4.8 ± 0.7 (4.0-5.3) | 7.3 ± 2.5 (5-10) | 4.4 ± 0.7 (3.7-5.0) | Absent | - |
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) accession numbers of the sequences used in this study_
| Strain | Genome |
|---|---|
| Xenorhabdus sp. XENO-1 | JAMGSK01 |
| X. beddingii Q58T | MUBK01 |
| X. bovienii T228T | JANAIF01 |
| X. budapestensis DSM 16342T | NIBS01 |
| X. cabanillasii USTX62T | QTUB01 |
| X. doucetiae FRM16T | FO704550 |
| X. eapokensis DL20T | MKGQ01 |
| X. ehlersii DSM 16337T | NIBT01 |
| X. griffiniae BMMCB | LDNM01 |
| X. hominickii KE01T | NJAI01 |
| X. indica DSM 17382T | NKHP01 |
| X. innexi DSM 16336T | NIBU01 |
| X. ishibashii GDh7T | NJAK01 |
| X. japonica DSM 16522T | FOVO01 |
| X. khoisanae MCB | LFCV01 |
| X. koppenhoeferi USNJ01T | FPBJ01 |
| X. kozodoii SaVT | NJCX01 |
| X. lircayensis VLST | JACOII01 |
| X. mauleonii VC01T | NITY01 |
| X. miraniensis Q1T | NITZ01 |
| X. nematophila ATCC 19061T | FN667742 |
| X. poinarii G6T | FO704551 |
| X. stockiae TH01T | NJAJ01 |
| X. szentirmaii DSM 16338T | NIBV01 |
| X. thuongxuanensis 30TX1T | MKGR01 |
| X. vietnamensis VN01T | MUBJ01 |
Comparative morphometrics of Steinernema africanum n_ sp_ IJs_
| Species | Reference | L | BD | EP | NR | NL | TL | a | b | C | c' | D% | E% | H% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. africanum | Present study | 751 | 27 | 59 | 117 | 154 | 64 | 28 | 4.9 | 12 | 3.7 | 38 | 94 | 35 |
| (690‒802) | (25‒32) | (54‒68) | (87‒132) | (123‒167) | (52‒72) | (23‒30) | (4.3‒6.3) | (10‒15) | (2.9‒4.2) | (34‒46) | (79‒129) | (28‒39) | ||
| S. akhursti | Qiu et al. (2005) | 812 | 33 | 59 | 90 (83‒95) | 119 | 73 | 24 | 6.8 | 11 | 3.5 | 47 | 77 | 52 |
| (770‒835) | (33‒35) | (55‒60) | (115‒123) | (68‒75) | (23‒26) | (6.6‒7.2) | (10‒12) | (3.3‒3.7) | (45‒50) | (73‒86) | (49‒56) | |||
| S. | Ma et al. (2012) | 843 | 30 | 62 | 87 (72‒97) | 125 | 73 | 28 | 6.8 | 12 | 4.3 | 49 | 81 | 39 |
| cholashanense | (727‒909) | (26‒35) | (59‒65) | (110‒138) | (60‒80) | (24‒34) | (6.1‒7.2) | (10‒14) | (3.5‒5.0) | (46‒53) | (76‒91) | (33‒47) | ||
| S. citrae | Stokwe et al. (2011) | 754 (623‒849) | 26 (23‒28) | 56 (49‒64) | 98 (83‒108) | 125 (118‒137) | 71 (63‒81) | 30 (25‒34) | 6.0 (5.1‒7.1) | 15 (13‒17) | NA | 44 (39‒58) | 110 (85‒132) | 43 (37‒50) |
| S. feltiae | Nguyen et al. | 849 | 29 | 63 | 113 | 136 | 86 | 30 | 6.4 | 10 | 4.8 | 46 | 74 | 44 |
| (2007) | (766‒928) | (22‒32) | (58‒67) | (108‒117) | (130‒143) | (81‒89) | (27‒34) | (5.8‒6.8) | (9.4‒11) | (4.5‒5.1) | (44‒50) | (67‒81) | (37‒51) | |
| S. hebeiense | Chen et al. | 658 | 26 | 48 | 78 (73‒83) | 107 | 66 | 26 | 6.2 | 10 | NA | 45 | 72 | 43 |
| (2006) | (610‒710) | (23‒28) | (43‒51) | (100‒111) | (63‒71) | (24‒28) | (5.7‒6.7) | (9.4‒11) | (40‒50) | (65‒80) | (32‒50) | |||
| S. ichnusae | Tarasco et al. | 866 | 31 | 63 | 102 | 138 | 81 | 28 | 6.3 | 11 (9‒12) | 4.6 | 46 | 77 | 48 |
| (2008) | (767‒969) | (27‒35) | (59‒68) | (94‒108) | (119‒148) | (76‒89) | (24‒32) | (5.6‒6.9) | (4.2‒5.1) | (42‒49) | (68‒83) | (44‒50) | ||
| S. jollieti | Spiridonov et al. (2004) | 711 | 23 | 60 | NA | 123 | 68 | 31 | 5.7 | 10.5 | 4.5 (NA) | 48 | 88 (NA) | 55 |
| (625‒820) | (20‒28) | (53‒65) | (115‒135) | (60‒73) | (25‒34) | (4.9‒6.4) | (9‒12) | (46‒50) | (46‒60) | |||||
| S. kraussei | Nguyen et al. | 951 | 33 | 63 | 105 | 134 | 79 | 29 (NA) | 7.1 (NA) | 12.1 (NA) | 3.9 (NA) | 47 (NA) | 80 (NA) | 38 |
| (2007) | (797‒1,102) | (30‒36) | (50‒66) | (99‒111) | (119‒145) | (63‒86) | (35‒40) | |||||||
| S. kushidai | Mamiya (1998) | 589 | 26 | 46 | 76 (70‒84) | 111 | 50 | 23 | 5.3 | 11.7 | NA | 41 | 92 (NA) | NA |
| (424‒662) | (22‒31) | (42‒50) | (106‒120) | (44‒59) | (19‒25) | (4.9‒5.9) | (10‒13) | (38‒44) | ||||||
| S. litorale | Yoshida, (2004) | 909 | 31 | 61 | 96 | 125 | 83 | 30 | 7.3 | 11 | 4.5 | 49 | 73 | 33 (NA) |
| (834‒988) | (28‒33) | (54‒69) | (89‒104) | (114‒133) | (72‒91) | (27‒31) | (6.7‒7.9) | (10‒11.9) | (3.8‒5.4) | (44‒56) | (68‒84) | |||
| S. nguyeni | Malan et al. | 737 | 25 | 52 | 80 (74‒86) | 110 | 67 | 29 | 6.7 | 11 | 4.3 | 48 | 79 | 27 |
| (2016) | (673‒796) | (22‒28) | (47‒58) | (101‒121) | (61‒73) | (27‒33) | (6.2‒7.4) | (10‒12) | (2.8‒4.8) | (43‒57) | (70‒86) | (20‒31) | ||
| S. oregonese | Liu and Berry, (1996) | 980 | 34 | 66 | NA | 132 | 70 | 30 | 7.6 (6‒8) | 14 | 4.7 (NA) | 50 | 100 | 31 |
| (820‒1,110) | (28‒38) | (60‒72) | (116‒148) | (64‒78) | (24‒37) | (12‒16) | (40‒60) | (90‒110) | (30‒33) | |||||
| S. populi | Tian et al. (2022) | 1,095 | 36 | 77 | 106 | 149 | 64 | 30 | 7.4 | 17 | 2.8 | 52 | 121 | 35 |
| (973‒1,172) | (33‒41) | (70‒86) | (98‒113) | (134‒159) | (55‒72) | (24‒33) | (6.8‒8.5) | (15‒20) | (2.4‒3.3) | (47‒61) | (105‒140) | (26‒44) | ||
| S. puntauvense | Uribe-Lorfo | 670 | 33 | 25 | 54 (46‒69) | 94 | 54 | 20 | 6.1 | 12 | NA | 42 | 44 | 54 |
| et al. (2007) | (631‒728) | (31‒38) | (20‒30) | (81‒103) | (51‒59) | (17‒23) | (7.1‒7.9) | (11‒13) | (25‒50) | (35‒56) | (52‒55) | |||
| S. sandneri | Lis et al. (2021) | 843 | 27 | 56 | 103 | 138 | 75 | 31 | 6.1 | 11.2 | NA | 40 | 74 | 34 |
| (708‒965) | (23‒32) | (44‒64) | (83‒118) | (123‒151) | (64‒86) | (27‒34) | (5.5‒6.9) | (11‒13) | (36‒45) | (63‒86) | (23‒40) | |||
| S. sangi | Phan et al. (2001) | 753 | 35 | 52 | 91 (78‒97) | 127 | 81 | 22 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 4.5 (NA) | 40 | 62 | 49 |
| (704‒784) | (30‒40) | (46‒54) | (120‒138) | (76‒89) | (19‒25) | (5.6‒6.3) | (9‒10) | (36‒44) | (56‒70) | (44‒52) | ||||
| S. silvaticum | Sturhan et al. (2005) | 860 | 30 | 62 | 96 | 121 | 75 | 29 | 7.3 | 11.4 | 4.0 | 50 | ‒ | 46 |
| (670‒975) | (26‒35) | (51‒73) | (75‒109) | (100‒141) | (63‒86) | (23‒33) | (6.3‒7.7) | (10‒13) | (3.1‒4.9) | (46‒56) | (37‒53) | |||
| S. tielingense | Ma et al. (2012) | 915 | 35 | 69 | 98 | 128 | 81 | 295 | 73 | 11 | 4 | 49 | 23 | 58 |
| (824‒979) | (32‒38) | (64‒73) | (90‒105) | (120‒135) | (74‒85) | (27‒31) | (67‒79) | (10‒12) | (3.5‒4.6) | (44‒56) | (68‒84) | (53‒64) | ||
| S. texanum | Nguyen et al. (2007) | 756 | 30 | 59 | 92 | 115 | 73 | 25 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 3.3 | 51 | 81 | 59 |
| (732‒796) | (29‒34) | (52‒62) | (84‒102) | (111‒120) | (60‒79) | (22‒27) | (6.2‒7.0) | (10‒13) | (3.3‒4.6) | (46‒53) | (76‒88) | (53‒69) | ||
| S. xinbinense | Ma et al. (2012) | 694 | 30 | 51 | 86 (75‒90) | 116 | 73 | 24 | 6.1 (5‒7) | 9.7 | 4.2 (3‒5) | 44 | 71 | 35 |
| (635‒744) | (28‒31) | (46‒53) | (109‒125) | (65‒78) | (21‒25) | (8‒11) | (40‒47) | (65‒78) | (30‒42) | |||||
| S. xueshanense | Mrácek et al. | 860 | 30 | 67 | 91 (81‒96) | 135 | 87 | 28 | 6.4 | 9.9 | 4.6 | 50 | 78 | 51 |
| (2009) | (768‒929) | (29‒33) | (60‒72) | (130‒143) | (80‒92) | (26‒32) | (5.8‒7.0) | (9‒11) | (3.8‒5.1) | (46‒52) | (70‒90) | (46‒55) | ||
| S. weiseri | Mrácek et al. | 740 | 25 | 57 | 84 (72‒92) | 113 | 60 | 29 | 6.6 | 12 | 3.7 | 51 | 95 (NA) | 22 |
| (2003) | (586‒828) | (24‒29) | (43‒65) | (95‒119) | (49‒68) | (25‒33) | (5.7‒7.2) | (10‒14) | (3.2‒4.1) | (44‒55) | (18‒24) |
Comparative morphometrics of first‒generation Steinernema africanum n_ sp_ males_ All measurements are in micrometer (except ratios and percentages)_
| Species | L | BD | EP | NR | NL | TL | SL | GL | a | b | c | c' | D% | SW% | GS% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. africanum | 1,202 | 115 | 93 | 92 | 143 | 41 | 71 | 43 | 10 | 8 | 29 | 1.0 | 65 | 172 | 60 |
| (977‒1,400) | (65‒131) | (69‒109) | (79‒104) | (132‒147) | (34‒46) | (65‒76) | (32‒49) | (9‒12) | (7‒12) | (25‒34) | (0.9‒1.1) | (52‒74) | (144‒197) | (49‒68) | |
| S. akhursti | 1,589 | 131 | 102 | 136 | 182 | 35 | 90 | 64 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 56 | 180 | 71 |
| (1,350‒1,925) | (115‒150) | (93‒113) | (120‒163) | (168‒205) | (30‒40) | (85‒100) | (58‒68) | (52‒61) | (140‒200) | (65‒77) | |||||
| S. | 1,428 | 137 | 99 | 106 | 152 | 35 | 66 | 39 | 11 | 9.3 | 41 | 0.7 | 64 | 115 | 71 |
| cholashanense | (1,070‒1,778) | (73‒204) | (75‒135) | (91‒126) | (135‒173) | (29‒43) | (60‒71) | (32‒45) | (9‒24) | (8‒11) | (36‒51) | (0.6‒0.9) | (50‒85) | (92‒144) | (61‒85) |
| S. citrae | 1,154 | 103 | 81 | 106 | 139 | 25 | 65 | 44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 58 | 198 | 68 |
| (1,028‒1,402) | (87‒113) | (64‒92) | (92‒119) | (123‒155) | (17‒31) | (57‒80) | (32‒59) | (47‒67) | (156‒233) | (48‒89) | |||||
| S. feltiae | 1,612 (1,414‒1,817) | 75 (60‒90) | 115 (110‒126) | 69 (55‒87) a | 170 (164‒180) | 89 (37‒43) | 70 (65‒77) | 41 (34‒47) | 11.5 (NA) | 9.5 (NA) | 41.3 (NA) | 0.8 (NA) | 60 (51‒64) | 113 (99‒130) | 59 (52‒61) |
| S. hebeiense | 1,177 | 86 | 64 | 84 (78‒93) | 126 | 30 | 57 | 46 | 14 | 9 | 39 | 0.8 | 51 | 140 | 80 |
| (1,036‒1,450) | (74‒98) | (58‒73) | (118‒132) | (24‒35) | (51‒63) | (38‒50) | (12‒17) | (8‒11) | (30‒49) | (0.6‒0.9) | (48‒59) | (120‒170) | (60‒90) | ||
| S. ichnusae | 1,341 | 137 | 101 | NA | 165 | 40 | 66 | 44 | 22 | 8.2 | 34 | 0.8 | 62 | 139 | 67 |
| (1,151‒1,494) | (73‒204) | (94‒108) | (135‒173) | (33‒48) | (64‒67) | (43‒46) | (20‒29) | (7‒9) | (29‒39) | (0.8‒0.9) | (59‒65) | (120‒162) | (64‒69) | ||
| S. jollieti | 1,662 | 115 | 98 | NA | 156 | 33 | 64 | 54 | 15 | 11 | 51 | 0.8 (NA) | 64 | 145 (NA) | 84 (NA) |
| (1,296‒1,952) | (98‒135) | (83‒110) | (110‒168) | (24‒38) | (55‒70) | (45‒60) | (12‒19) | (8‒14) | (53‒86) | (53‒83) | |||||
| S. kraussei | 1,400 | 128 | 81 | 105 | 153 | 39 | 49 | 33 | 11 | 9 (NA) | 37 (NA) | 0.9 (NA) | 53 (NA) | 110 (NA) | 67 (NA) |
| (1,200‒1,600) | (110‒144) | (73‒99) | (95‒122) | (137‒178 | (36‒44) | (42‒53) | (29‒37) | ||||||||
| S. kushidai | 1,400 | 97 | 84 | 129 | 167 | 33 | 63 | 44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 51 | 150 (NA) | 70 (NA) |
| (1,200‒1,900) | (75‒156) | (71‒105) | (120‒137) | (156‒189) | (30‒40) | (48‒72) | (39‒60) | (42‒59) | |||||||
| S. litorale | 1,360 | 96 | 96 | 114 | 147 | 34 | 75 | 53 | 14 | 9.3 | 41 | 0.8 | 40 | 174 | 71 |
| (1,230‒1,514) | (82‒111) | (77‒107) | (94‒128) | (133‒163) | (26‒41) | (67‒89) | (44‒64) | (12‒16) | (8‒10) | (33‒56) | (0.6‒0.9) | (34‒56) | (154‒200) | (62‒81) | |
| S. nguyeni | 997 | 82 | 59 | 91 | 124 | 21 | 66 | 43 | 12 | 8 | 46 | 0.7 | 48 | 215 | 66 |
| (818‒1,171) | (58‒106) | (47‒71) | (70‒103) | (112‒144) | (18‒25) | (58‒75) | (30‒55) | (11‒15) | (7‒10) | (38‒53) | (0.6‒0.8) | (38‒57) | (185‒279) | (46‒81) | |
| S. oregonense | 1,680 | 138 | 112 | 111 | 154 | 29 | 71 | 56 | NA | NA | NA | 0.6 (NA) | 73 | 151 (NA) | 79 (NA) |
| (1,560‒1,820) | (105‒161) | (95‒139) | (101‒133) | (139‒182) | (24‒32) | (65‒73) | (52‒59) | (64‒75) | |||||||
| S. | 1,591 | 119 | 94 | 115 | 140 | 33 | 77 | 34 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 67 | 170 | 65 |
| puntauvense | (1,010‒1,931) | (101‒139) | (68‒114) | (104‒128) | (130‒159) | (28‒40) | (71‒81) | (30‒40) | (45‒85) | (140‒200) | (55‒75) | ||||
| S. sandneri | 1,461 | 155 | 80 | 126 | 157 | 41 | 60 | 44 | 10 | 9.3 | 37 | NA | 51 | 111 | 79 |
| (1,206‒1,635) | (124‒178) | (64‒92) | (112‒138) | (148‒170) | (35‒46) | (53‒65) | (39‒50) | (9‒11) | (8‒10) | (31‒42) | (42‒59) | (97‒127) | (61‒83) | ||
| S. sangi | 1,774 | 159 | 82 | 126 | 166 | 32 | 63 | 40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 49 | 150 | 60 |
| (1,440‒2,325) | (120‒225) | (67‒99) | (109‒166) | (150‒221) | (27‒42) | (58‒80) | (34‒46) | (42‒63) | (120‒160) | (50‒70) | |||||
| S. silvaticum | 1,090 | 65 | 79 | 119 | 142 | 34 | 51 | 37 | 17 | 7.7 | 34 | 1.0 | 60 | 155 (NA) | 73 (NA) |
| (975‒1,270) | (52‒78) | (71‒92) | (90‒126) | (116‒168) | (20‒47) | (42‒64) | (30‒43) | (14‒20) | (8‒9) | (24‒55) | (0.8‒1.4) | (45‒63) | |||
| S. tielingense | 1,778 | 129 | 114 | 112 | 160 | 26 | 88 | 62 | 11 | 11 | 70 | 0.5 | 71 | 191 | 73 |
| (1,430‒2,064) | (111‒159) | (94‒133) | (96‒132) | (145‒173) | (22‒33) | (79‒98) | (49‒70) | (11‒18) | (9‒13) | (57‒85) | (0.3‒0.6) | (64‒78) | (176‒212) | (59‒82) | |
| S. texanum | 1,296 | 99 | 90 | 104 | 135 | 23 | 60 | 45 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 67 | 157 | 75 |
| (1,197‒1,406) | (81‒116) | (79‒100) | (94‒114) | (123‒147) | (19‒30) | (55‒66) | (39‒53) | (58‒73) | (127‒203) | (62‒84) | |||||
| S. xinbinense | 1,265 | 103 | 68 | 106 | 149 | 37 | 56 | 35 | 12 | 8.5 | 34 | 0.9 | 45 | 137 | 63 |
| (1,133‒1,440) | (90‒126) | (57‒75) | (91‒120) | (138‒159) | (30‒41) | (49‒62) | (30‒41) | (11‒13) | (7‒9) | (31‒39) | (0.7‒1.0) | (41‒50) | (114‒156) | (54‒72) | |
| S. | 1,589 | 144 | 128 | NA | 160 | 38 | 76 | 49 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 80 | 152 | 64 |
| xueshanense | (1,313‒2,040) | (97‒159) | (113‒137) | (151‒175) | (29‒48) | (66‒91) | (41‒60) | (73‒87) | (93‒172) | (58‒95) | |||||
| S. weiseri | 1,180 | 112 | 70 | 99 | 141 | 25 | 68 | 53 | 11 | 8 | 48 | 0.7 | 49 | 180 | 80 |
| (990‒1,395) | (84‒138) | (57‒84) | (94‒115) | (134‒154) | (19‒32) | (62‒72) | (46‒57) | (9‒12) | (7‒10) | (36‒64) | (0.6‒0.9) | (39‒60) | (150‒240) | (70‒85) |
Comparative morphometrics of first‒generation Steinernema africanum n_ sp_ females_ All measurements are in micrometer (except ratios and percentages)_
| Species | L | BD | EP | NR | NL | TL | a | b | c | c' | V | ABD | D% | Mucron |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. africanum | 3,205 | 180 | 89 | 105 | 185 | 45 | 18 | 17 | 74 | 0.9 | 52 | 52 | 48 | Present |
| (2,469‒4,215) | (154‒194) | (67‒111) | (79‒130) | (170‒201) | (35‒55) | (13‒27) | (13‒24) | (51‒104) | (0.7‒1.0) | (50‒57) | (37‒70) | (36‒62) | ||
| S. akhursti | 7,283 | 239 | 126 | 164 | 239 | 49 | 29b (NA) | 31b (NA) | 141b | 0.6b(NA) | 51 | 86 | 53 (NA) | Present |
| (5,625‒9,000) | (200‒270) | (113‒138) | (150‒175) | (213‒258) | (38‒63) | (NA) | (48‒53) | (68‒100) | ||||||
| S. | 4,692 | 255 | 129 | 190 | 196 | 57 | 13 | 25 | 83 | 0.8 | 53 | 77 | 50 | Present |
| cholashanense | (3,232‒6,363) | (156‒332) | (111‒148) | (176‒223) | (181‒231) | (46‒70) | (13‒23) | (18‒32) | (62‒119) | (0.6‒1.0) | (50‒57) | (54‒105 | (29‒65) | |
| S. citrae | 3,087 | 175 | 75 | 151 | 215 | 44 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 54 | 62 | 37 | Present |
| (2,038‒4,019) | (137‒212) | (54‒90) | (130‒179) | (189‒220) | (33‒60) | (50‒59) | (43‒79) | (27‒46) | ||||||
| S. feltiae | 3,380 | 204 | 82 | 84 (70—97)a | 237 | 52 | 17 | 14 | 65 | 1.0 | 56 | 52 | 46 | Present |
| (3,095‒3,774) | (170‒254) | (68‒97)a | (197‒304) | (39‒70) | (14‒20) | (12‒17) | (49‒88) | (0.7‒1.2)a | (44‒57) | (47‒62) | (40—54)a | |||
| S. hebeiense | 3,465 | 167 | 65 | 104 | 147 | 35 | 21 | 24 | 103 | 0.7 | 54 | 53 | 45 | Absent |
| (3,972‒4,254) | (142‒245) | (48‒95) | (88‒123) | (133‒158) | (25‒50) | (17‒25) | (21‒29) | (67‒129) | (0.5‒0.9) | (50‒57) | (45‒65) | (36‒66) | ||
| S. ichnusae | 5,514 | 269 | 126 | NA | 239 | 60 | 21 | 23 | 93 | 0.8 | 53 | 80 | 53 | Present |
| (4,547‒6,186) | (242‒323) | (106‒156) | (215‒262) | (51‒79) | (17‒24) | (21‒26) | (68‒113) | (0.6‒1.0) | (51‒57) | (70‒94) | (47‒63) | |||
| S. jollieti | 5,148 | 259 | 111 | NA | 214 | 43 | 20 | 26 | 128 | NA | 51 | NA | 52 | Present |
| (3,746‒6,030) | (219‒298) | (96‒136) | (184‒310) | (31‒55) | (15‒24) | (19‒31) | (72‒185) | (44‒56) | ||||||
| S. kraussei | 4,200 | 240 | 87 | 137 | 192 | 48 | 17 | 22 | 88 | NA | 54 | 45 | 45 | Present |
| (2,500‒5,400) | (153‒288) | (66‒99) | (127‒146) | (178‒205) | (33‒59) | (39‒50) | ||||||||
| S. kushidai | 3,500 | 175 | 91 | 124 | 227 | 38 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 56 | 64 | 40 | Absent |
| (2,100‒4,700) | (54‒59) | (78‒105) | (111‒144) | (204‒255) | (30‒45) | (54‒59) | (54‒84) | (37‒46) | ||||||
| S. litorale | 4,462 | 191 | 88 | 146 | 196 | 39 | 23 | 23 | 117 | 0.6 | 56 | 62 | 45 | Present |
| (3,930‒5,048) | (175‒215) | (65‒105) | (130‒165) | (185‒213) | (25‒60) | (21‒26) | (20‒26) | (78‒157) | (0.5‒0.9) | (0.5‒0.9) | (55‒75) | (33‒57) | ||
| S. nguyeni | 4,775 | 178 | 72 | 113 | 169 | 32 | 21 | 22 | 119 | 0.7 | 56 | 178 | 43 | Absent |
| (2,290‒5,361) | (130‒216) | (49‒98) | (84‒139) | (137‒194) | (20‒67) | (15‒30) | (15‒30) | (53‒165) | (0.6‒1.1) | (52‒63) | (130‒216) | (30‒56) | ||
| S. oregonense | 5,200 | 242 | 103 | 147 | 210 | 37 | NA | NA | NA | 0.7 (NA) | 52 | 56 | 49 | Absent |
| (4,400‒6,200) | (217‒268) | (217‒268) | (129‒162) | (186‒220) | (28‒46) | (46‒56) | (42‒79) | (43‒57) | ||||||
| S. | 6,198 | 198 | 70 | 135 | 192 | 49 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 53 | 76 | 37 | Present |
| puntauvense | (3,687‒8,335) | (181‒221) | (51‒85) | (123‒146) | (141‒206) | (41‒66) | (51‒55) | (57‒102) | (25‒45) | |||||
| S. sandneri | 4,628 | 210 | 84 | 147 | 185 | 147 | 22 | 25 | 102 | NA | 54 | 94 | 46 | P‒esent |
| (4,244‒5,014) | (181‒261) | (61‒102) | (132‒158) | (173‒194) | (32‒61) | (17‒25) | (24‒27) | (75‒140) | (49‒57) | (62‒122) | (36‒54) | |||
| S. sangi | 6,030 | 336 | 101 | 158 | 229 | 49 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 51 | 111 | 44 | P‒esent |
| (4,830‒7,200) | (270‒360) | (80‒121) | (140‒170) | (216‒240) | (936‒62) | (43‒530) | (84‒140) | (35‒51) | ||||||
| S. silvaticum | 2,150 | 116 | 69 | 113 | 146 | 45 | 19 | 15 | 49 | 1.3 | 52 | 35 | 47 | Absent |
| (1,520‒3,290) | (50‒175) | (50‒175) | (50‒175) | (121‒188) | (33‒79) | (15‒41) | (10‒18) | (34‒80) | (1.0‒1.8) | (44‒57) | (26‒53) | (33‒79) | ||
| S. texanum | 3,058 | 163 | 88 | 122 | 172 | 40 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 52 | 60 | NA | Absent |
| (2,720‒3,623) | (130‒202) | (78‒107) | (111‒135) | (160‒189) | (30‒52) | (50‒55) | (50‒71) | |||||||
| S. tielingense | 6,190 | 251 | 84 | 136 | 202 | 45 | 23 | 29 | 117 | 0.6 | 51 | 69 | 41 | Absent |
| (4,028‒8,538) | (200‒307) | (82‒103) | (111‒144) | (186‒263) | (40‒69) | (17‒32) | (21‒45) | (72‒158) | (0.5‒0.9) | (49‒54) | (56‒92) | (32‒49) | ||
| S. xinbinense | 4,037 | 176 | 80 | 126 | 186 | 40 | 22 | 22 | 106 | 0.6 | 52 | 61 | 40 | Present |
| (3,025‒5,121) | (159‒200) | (70‒87) | (106‒141) | (167‒192) | (30‒53) | (19‒25) | (17‒26) | (79‒123) | (0.5‒0.8) | (46‒57) | (50‒67) | (38‒45) | ||
| S. | 5,092 | 257 | 148 | NA | 230 | 55 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 54 | 84 | NA | Present |
| xueshanense | (4,181‒8,181) | (182‒343) | (117‒148) | (196‒274) | (43‒66) | (52‒62) | (38‒72) | |||||||
| S. weiseri | 4,610 | 223 | 80 | 125 | 184 | 42 | 21 | 25 | 111 | 0.7 | 53 | 63 | NA | Present |
| (3,780‒5,940) | (202‒263) | (75‒86) | (108‒154) | (162‒226) | (38‒59) | (17‒29) | (22‒31) | (87‒156) | (0.5‒0.8) | (50‒58) | (51‒80) |