A biomimetic anthropomorphic leg phantom for wearable bioimpedance sensing in lymphedema monitoring
References
- 2023 Consensus. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2023 consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology 2024 Aug; 56. DOI: 10.2458/lymph.6372
- Warren AG, Brorson H, Borud LJ, and Slavin SA. Lymphedema: A Comprehensive Review. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2007 Oct; 59:464–72. DOI: 10.1097/01.sap.0000257149.42922.7e
- Schulze H, Nacke M, Gutenbrunner C, and Hadamitzky C. Worldwide assessment of healthcare personnel dealing with lymphoedema. Health Econ. Rev. 2018 Dec; 8:10. DOI: 10.1186/s13561-018-0194-6
- Bethencourt L et al. Guiding Measurement Protocols of Connected Medical Devices Using Digital Twins: A Statistical Methodology Applied to Detecting and Monitoring Lymphedema. IEEE Access 2021; 9:39444–65. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063786
- Vitali A, Togni G, Regazzoni D, Rizzi C, and Molinero G. A virtual environment to evaluate the arm volume for lymphedema affected patients. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2021 Jan; 198:105795. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105795
- Dylke ES and Ward LC. Three Decades of Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy in Lymphedema Assessment: An Historical Perspective. Lymphat. Res. Biol. 2021 Jun; 19:206–14. DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2020.0085
- Chung SH and Kim KG. Design of lymphedema ultrasound phantom with 3D-printed patient-specific subcutaneous anatomy: A-mode analysis approach for early diagnosis. Phys. Med. 2018 Nov; 55:73–81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.10.019
- Yoon KC and Kim KG. Manufacturing of a Gelatin Phantom With Lymphedema for Ultrasonic Imaging Measurement. J. Eng. Sci. Med. Diagn. Ther. 2021 Nov; 4:044502. DOI: 10.1115/1.4052661
- Weiler M, Kassis T, and Dixon JB. Sensitivity analysis of near-infrared functional lymphatic imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012; 17:066019. DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.6.066019
- Anand G, Lowe A, and Al-Jumaily A. Tissue phantoms to mimic the dielectric properties of human forearm section for multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis at low frequencies. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019 Mar; 96:496–508. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.080
- Hess A, Liu J, and Pott PP. Analysis of Dielectric Properties of Gelatin-based Tissue Phantoms. Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng. 2022 Sep; 8:340–3. DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2022-1087
- Mobashsher AT and Abbosh AM. Three-Dimensional Human Head Phantom With Realistic Electrical Properties and Anatomy. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2014; 13:1401–4. DOI: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2340409
- Dunne E, McGinley B, O’Halloran M, and Porter E. A realistic pelvic phantom for electrical impedance measurement. Physiol. Meas. 2018 Mar; 39:034001. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaa3c0
- Goyal K, Borkholder DA, and Day SW. A biomimetic skin phantom for characterizing wearable electrodes in the low-frequency regime. Sens. Actuators Phys. 2022 Jun; 340:113513. DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2022.113513
- Chen SJS et al. An anthropomorphic polyvinyl alcohol brain phantom based on Colin27 for use in multimodal imaging. Med. Phys. 2012; 39:554–61. DOI: 10.1118/1.3673069
- Gautam UC et al. A Poly-vinyl Alcohol (PVA)-based phantom and training tool for use in simulated Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate needle biopsy procedures. Med. Eng. Phys. 2021 Oct; 96:46–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.08.008
- Bublex A, Montalibet A, Massot B, and Gehin C. Electrical Properties of Filled PVA-C for Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy Phantoms. Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies. Porto, Portugal: SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, 2025 :26–34. DOI: 10.5220/0013103800003911
- Bublex A, Montalibet A, Massot B, and Gehin C. Eco-Friendly Bioimpedance Fat Phantom: PVA emulsion Mimicking the Electrical Properties of Living Tissue at Low Frequencies. 2025 47th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Copenhagen: IEEE, 2025
- Bublex A, Montalibet A, Massot B, and Gehin C. Eco-Friendly Bioimpedance Muscle Phantom: PVA-Agar Hydrogel Mimicking Living Tissue at Low Frequencies. 2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Orlando, FL, USA: IEEE, 2024 Jul :1–4. DOI: 10.1109/EMBC53108.2024.10782661
- Right Leg Bone Model 3D Printable STL File Converted from CT Scan – Extremity, Lower (Leg) – embodi3D.com. Available from:
https://www.embodi3d.com/files/file/8903-right-leg-bone-model-3d-printable-stl-file-converted-from-ct-scan/ - Banfalvi T. Unsupervised Classification of 3D Morphologies of Human Legs for the Implementation of Adaptive Morphotypes and Medical Compression Stockings. Doctorat ès Informatique, Automatique, PhD. Université de Lille, 2025. DOI: 10.70675/a445e3a8z0351z462cz90baz33c800a3ddd0
- Suga R, Inoue M, Saito K, Takahashi M, and Ito K. Development of multi-layered biological tissue-equivalent phantom for HF band. IEICE Commun. Express 2013; 2:507–11. DOI: 10.1587/comex.2.507
- Gabriel C. Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies. Tech. rep. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, 1996 Jan. DOI: 10.21236/ADA303903
- Ivorra A. Bioimpedance Monitoring for Physicians: An Overview. Technical Report. Barcelona, Spain, 2003
- Adelnia H, Ensandoost R, Shebbrin Moonshi S, Gavgani JN, Vasafi EI, and Ta HT. Freeze/thawed polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels: Present, past and future. Eur. Polym. J. 2022 Feb; 164:110974. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110974
- Gabriel C, Peyman A, and Grant EH. Electrical conductivity of tissue at frequencies below 1 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 2009 Aug; 54:4863–78. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/16/002
- Kangasmaa O and Laakso I. Estimation method for the anisotropic electrical conductivity of in vivo human muscles and fat between 10 kHz and 1 MHz. Phys. Med. Biol. 2022 Nov; 67:225002. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac9a1e
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2026-0014 | Journal eISSN: 1891-5469
Language: English
Page range: 121 - 136
Submitted on: Apr 30, 2026
Published on: Sep 11, 2026
Published by: University of Oslo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Anna Bublex, Amalric Montalibet, Bertrand Massot, Claudine Gehin, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.