Fig.1:
(A) Custom made test cell containing animal tissue sample for measuring impedance while heating on water bath. (B) Mashed tomato sample for impedance measurements at different temperatures.
Fig.2:
Schematic of the experimental setup for impedance measurement with the tissue heating system.
Fig.3:
Experimental setup for impedance measurement from different biological samples using a bioimpedance spectrometer while heating on hot water bath.
Fig.4:
Impedance specgrum for animal tissue (lamb muslce), (A) Variation of impedance with frequency at 8 representative temperatures, (B) Cole plot at different temperature.
Fig.5:
Impedance specgrum for plant sample (Aloe vera), (A) Variation of impedance with frequency at 8 representative temperatures, (B) Cole plot at different temperature.
Fig.6:
Variation of impedance with temperature at 6 selected frequencies for animal sample (lamb muscle) and the corresponding linear regression curves.
Fig.7
Variation of impedance with temperature at 6 selected frequencies for fruit sample (grapes) and the corresponding linear regression curves.
Table 1
Temperature coefficient and percentage change of impedance with temperature for different types of animal tissue samples at six representative frequencies.
| Sample name | Frequency (Hz) | Temperature Coefficient, BT (Ω/°C) | Relative Change (%/°C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lamb Muscle | 10 | -2.6189 | -1.27 |
| 1k | -2.3863 | -1.32 | |
| 10k | -1.9512 | -1.27 | |
| 100k | -0.8951 | -1.02 | |
| 1M | -0.4896 | -1.08 | |
| 5.12M | -0.3910 | -1.24 | |
| Cow Muscle | 10 | -7.7511 | -2.27 |
| 1k | -6.7452 | -2.17 | |
| 10k | -5.4874 | -2.03 | |
| 100k | -2.0135 | -1.49 | |
| 1M | -0.8192 | -1.27 | |
| 5.12M | -0.4217 | -0.98 | |
| Chicken Muscle | 10 | -3.9431 | -1.60 |
| 1k | -3.3650 | -1.61 | |
| 10k | -2.3671 | -1.44 | |
| 100k | -0.7267 | -0.90 | |
| 1M | -0.4672 | -1.05 | |
| 5.12M | -0.3136 | -1.10 | |
| Cow Liver | 10 | -8.2916 | -2.27 |
| 1k | -7.4167 | -2.24 | |
| 10k | -6.1507 | -2.13 | |
| 100k | -3.4806 | -1.78 | |
| 1M | -1.8027 | -1.50 | |
| 5.12M | -1.2311 | -1.66 | |
| Labeo Rohita | 10 | -6.729 | -2.17 |
| 1k | -6.0705 | -2.21 | |
| 10k | -4.193 | -2.02 | |
| 100k | -1.7576 | -1.57 | |
| 1M | -0.6843 | -1.20 | |
| 5.12M | -0.325 | -1.62 | |
| Labeo Catla | 10 | -0.8439 | -1.54 |
| 1k | -0.7593 | -1.51 | |
| 10k | -0.7418 | -1.50 | |
| 100k | -0.6814 | -1.44 | |
| 1M | -0.5694 | -1.36 | |
| 5.12M | -0.4514 | -1.37 |
Table 2
Temperature coefficient and percentage change of impedance with temperature for different types of fruit and plant samples at six representative frequencies.
| Sample name | Frequency (Hz) | Temperature Coefficient, BT (Ω/°C) | Relative Change (%/°C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grapes | 10 | -1.4918 | -1.42 |
| 1k | -1.4107 | -1.42 | |
| 10k | -1.349 | -1.40 | |
| 100k | -1.1755 | -1.31 | |
| 1M | -1.0459 | -1.27 | |
| 5.12M | -0.7209 | -1.32 | |
| Mango | 10 | -1.5593 | -1.59 |
| 1k | -1.4536 | -1.60 | |
| 10k | -1.4106 | -1.58 | |
| 100k | -1.2633 | -1.53 | |
| 1M | -1.0797 | -1.50 | |
| 5.12M | -1.0175 | -1.88 | |
| Papaya | 10 | -1.0765 | -1.37 |
| 1k | -0.9763 | -1.33 | |
| 10k | -0.9679 | -1.33 | |
| 100k | -0.907 | -1.30 | |
| 1M | -0.7482 | -1.24 | |
| 5.12M | -0.5782 | -1.27 | |
| Banana | 10 | -0.9753 | -1.45 |
| 1k | -0.9415 | -1.45 | |
| 10k | -0.9248 | -1.45 | |
| 100k | -0.8418 | -1.40 | |
| 1M | -0.6641 | -1.29 | |
| 5.12M | -0.4355 | -1.19 | |
| Pear | 10 | -1.1209 | -1.06 |
| 1k | -1.0404 | -1.03 | |
| 10k | -1.0472 | -1.03 | |
| 100k | -1.0182 | -1.02 | |
| 1M | -0.9114 | -0.96 | |
| 5.12M | -0.2722 | -0.58 | |
| Red Apple | 10 | -2.5972 | -1.54 |
| 1k | -2.4608 | -1.54 | |
| 10k | -2.4341 | -1.54 | |
| 100k | -2.303 | -1.52 | |
| 1M | -2.2 | -1.51 | |
| 5.12M | -1.368 | -1.65 | |
| Tomato | 10 | -0.7447 | -1.19 |
| 1k | -0.7056 | -1.21 | |
| 10k | -0.695 | -1.21 | |
| 100k | -0.6508 | -1.17 | |
| 1M | -0.5762 | -1.13 | |
| 5.12M | -0.3877 | -1.08 | |
| Aloevera | 10 | -0.8565 | -1.16 |
| 1k | -0.8481 | -1.20 | |
| 10k | -0.8515 | -1.22 | |
| 100k | -0.7764 | -1.17 | |
| 1M | -0.691 | -1.12 | |
| 5.12M | -0.4854 | -1.07 |
Fig.8
Scaled impedance spectrum at 8 different temperatures; Red Apple (top left), Tomato (top right), Lamb Muscle (bottom left), Cow muscle (bottom right).