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Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback Cover

Exploring protocol development: Implementing systematic contextual memory to enhance real-time fMRI neurofeedback

Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance
Volume 15 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)
By: Steffen Maude Fagerland,  Henrik Røsholm Berntsen,  Mats Fredriksen,  Tor Endestad,  Stavros Skouras,  Mona Elisabeth Rootwelt-Revheim and  Ragnhild Marie Undseth  
Open Access
|May 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Discovered deviations in the brain of patients with TS mapped through (a) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and (b) connectivity; (c) a schematic of the setup of rtfMRI-nf, showing an overview of the required instruments and sequence of events; (d) when comparing the strategic thinking of assumed vegetative patients with that of healthy controls, it was discovered that these patients were, in fact, not vegetative. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([1],[2],[3],[4]), respectively.
Discovered deviations in the brain of patients with TS mapped through (a) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and (b) connectivity; (c) a schematic of the setup of rtfMRI-nf, showing an overview of the required instruments and sequence of events; (d) when comparing the strategic thinking of assumed vegetative patients with that of healthy controls, it was discovered that these patients were, in fact, not vegetative. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([1],[2],[3],[4]), respectively.

Figure 2:

(a) regions exhibiting decreased activity in the brain during inhibition in patients with ADHD includes SMA and rIFG; (b) methylphenidate - a common drug to treat ADHD - stimulates rIFG and decreases activity in SMA; (c) a mapping of regions with deviations correlating with TS symptoms includes SMA and rIFG; (d) conscious tic control and attention may sum to decrease tics in adult TS patients, the two potentially controlled by SMA and rIFG, respectively. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([53],[54],[55],[56]), respectively.
(a) regions exhibiting decreased activity in the brain during inhibition in patients with ADHD includes SMA and rIFG; (b) methylphenidate - a common drug to treat ADHD - stimulates rIFG and decreases activity in SMA; (c) a mapping of regions with deviations correlating with TS symptoms includes SMA and rIFG; (d) conscious tic control and attention may sum to decrease tics in adult TS patients, the two potentially controlled by SMA and rIFG, respectively. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([53],[54],[55],[56]), respectively.

Figure 3:

(a) motor control through the tripartite model; (b) how the hyperdirect pathway bypasses the striatum wrt motor inhibition; (c) a common subthalamic nucleus placement of the DBS electrode in Parkinsons Disease patients, stimulating the hyperdirect pathway ; (d) an update of the tripartite model. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([69],[69],[70],[71]), respectively.
(a) motor control through the tripartite model; (b) how the hyperdirect pathway bypasses the striatum wrt motor inhibition; (c) a common subthalamic nucleus placement of the DBS electrode in Parkinsons Disease patients, stimulating the hyperdirect pathway ; (d) an update of the tripartite model. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([69],[69],[70],[71]), respectively.

Figure 4:

(a) a memory palace used in 1511 AD, providing a virtual context to what was to be remembered; (b) how context in VR was used in deceived participants, indicating how context may aid memory; (c) a VR game used during an rtfMRI-nf run to assess susceptibility for developing Alzheimer’s disease; (d) a hypothesized model for how context reinstatement may aid memory. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([77],[78],[79],[80]), respectively.
(a) a memory palace used in 1511 AD, providing a virtual context to what was to be remembered; (b) how context in VR was used in deceived participants, indicating how context may aid memory; (c) a VR game used during an rtfMRI-nf run to assess susceptibility for developing Alzheimer’s disease; (d) a hypothesized model for how context reinstatement may aid memory. Figures (a,b,c,d) from ([77],[78],[79],[80]), respectively.

Figure 5:

Examples from the ROI extraction and later adaptation. (a) SMA in the right hemisphere as directly shown through the SPM display code shown earlier; (b) the combined SMA in MNI space shown in green, and SMA realigned according to the pre-fMRI volume of a person having gone through the SPM adaptation algorithm (in red), the required shift according to fMRI-space is evident; (c) the same shifted ROI from (b) shown according to the fMRI volume of the person to be trained; (d) the same ROI from (b-c) overlaid the pre-fMRI of a different person having gone through the rtfMRI-nf, the need for realignment is evident.
Examples from the ROI extraction and later adaptation. (a) SMA in the right hemisphere as directly shown through the SPM display code shown earlier; (b) the combined SMA in MNI space shown in green, and SMA realigned according to the pre-fMRI volume of a person having gone through the SPM adaptation algorithm (in red), the required shift according to fMRI-space is evident; (c) the same shifted ROI from (b) shown according to the fMRI volume of the person to be trained; (d) the same ROI from (b-c) overlaid the pre-fMRI of a different person having gone through the rtfMRI-nf, the need for realignment is evident.

Figure 6:

Abbreviations: fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging, rIFG=right inferior frontal gyrus, rtfMRI-nf=real time fMRI neurofeedback, ROI=region of interest, VR=virtual reality
Abbreviations: fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging, rIFG=right inferior frontal gyrus, rtfMRI-nf=real time fMRI neurofeedback, ROI=region of interest, VR=virtual reality

Figure 7:

The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.

Figure 8:

The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
The pilots and the results are described in the Pilots/representative results section, Sec.3.10.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2024-0006 | Journal eISSN: 1891-5469
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Language: English
Page range: 41 - 62
Submitted on: Feb 10, 2024
Published on: May 31, 2024
Published by: University of Oslo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
rtfMRI-nf,
ADHD,
Tourette’s Syndrome,
VR
Related subjects:
Engineering,
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering,
Biomedical electronics,
Life sciences,
Biophysics,
Medicine,
Biomedical engineering,
Physics,
Spectroscopy and metrology

© 2024 Steffen Maude Fagerland, Henrik Røsholm Berntsen, Mats Fredriksen, Tor Endestad, Stavros Skouras, Mona Elisabeth Rootwelt-Revheim, Ragnhild Marie Undseth, published by University of Oslo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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