Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5
![a) Left ventricular in-vitro phantoms made from silicone (left: carbon, right: pure), b) C-arm with manual test bench to measure phantom dimension, c) Cross-sectional areas obtained from CT measurements at the center electrode pair, adapted from [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721e8e215d2f6c89dbc94e/j_joeb-2021-0015_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKMR65CD5T%2F20260322%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260322T193208Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCIFLqIZa6FHAlii19z9MF5xydsy7wT2quZdMAvPX6uUvaAiB3GbQqo3uBwvZl2yOePzf%2FRTTesFlIlnksIFEs9xe%2B7yq8BQhqEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIM3YO0GEKDHUcffsOHKpkFGLzkH3qjNT6%2BIYZoFwbHfJfCO%2F4HLtB1k5gra8vmDNiHWgn05I2UIKDMUEqD7mrHoI%2FvKZY%2Fw9WLIHBamHR7bwxH3xwSCttI%2BS7Qahaf9uHYVL%2BFg6bGJdaYWzVucXe%2FCD%2BoCGtZeV5EnN48aTQVok4nyMZGfrWe2Wf2ZDlDCbMT%2BGmRu5XZP4HtqeQAG%2FBDLCQgbXgMyySJS74JnK%2FZUi1j1H8aLVCeAcqgi1raM4%2BMsMWC4YlHq4pGx1SlPcKkzfd93KyRMmu1at7BPB8yj669Nr1wYTwQTCSGuQefCSTu1ZxyZWSVTY8uckMaB9Zs84FwGDXCRz%2BaAn1DMcjOYIVGqFTb5W0ONbvG57knhgeoyHijTkDAYyI0721%2B5WvC%2FknOvTj2hG1ix69OuWsCGpYbWGCOYWo5dGlIHlKayftcZ%2Ft9v0c9wDk7rbWoqfjCeSWZV9AMkpGVLqF4BQJethw42PNlA2dVm7HC7iMduY7d0FTv%2BtyT1fmScJ8Jh0Kdks9iRnYa72s8S97t8xPgQhViEKVPW3kiMMbiyiz%2FrwI1%2Fki4GC9Fus03J5ytGTSxe55vWC3BrDFao0KYBE5Ptz4epHxdGcXD%2BK164xSMJU1aQS89lscLNx1NfItbPBdRSGiUJndnL6lvjnhxSx5XPPMzcFOV8qkwP0wK9wv7eXUdDn8EDMusGLrXEybrk%2BRR4iYz13BSQMfHZ2jeAA2oXH6AlyQIE2dXiA3cxZ2%2FOYBXoAz7iVHZyF3nlu%2BvVFyT5mqPsjBmfRcIdJoJtkGKpoa5SWE%2FUcXZVt2Vz9dOtTAPlN%2FDe4msK1vQpcnMPTf2n8DZxdCFQhHqu%2BS%2BOdlLrE4ecklu845rVd9Ok%2B%2FmRbHSX9GCv2889EswrseAzgY6sgFpDTTmmzGbpdCakO54A%2Fne6MSRc7RPOsZFfkOq7Zk%2Bw%2BV71z%2BhDwOuB72uTFyCCMItha7uGC93k3XY51yxvxU3sBl8STpYFJVlUj2%2BJ9Du7wBRJyQVjUejTJVg4JgY7TI6btQlipTHUq8PRVLTZNC3Tgsz3Mob0ULQVbcVylPFCRjvy4QQvnEfqYmylgu6CK%2FMbkN4G2pyApCOwrENhVU7cNeY%2BB7lR%2BZ%2FjGrFVWS5mQge&X-Amz-Signature=91875ca4cf57e0b18b85e32749cad529f4bda1dc471bd292d949cd1dd194f252&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6

Figure 7

Measured volumes inside the silicone ventricle from CT measurements_ Cross-sectional areas obtained between the center electrode pair_ Estimated equivalent center radius_
| Step | Volume (mL) | Area (mm2) | Radius (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 117.90 | 1248.84 | 19.94 |
| 2 | 107.12 | 1022.55 | 18.04 |
| 3 | 97.96 | 855.50 | 16.50 |
| 4 | 87.20 | 683.15 | 14.75 |
| 5 | 76.84 | 506.83 | 12.70 |
| 6 | 69.46 | 401.12 | 11.30 |