Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5
![a) Left ventricular in-vitro phantoms made from silicone (left: carbon, right: pure), b) C-arm with manual test bench to measure phantom dimension, c) Cross-sectional areas obtained from CT measurements at the center electrode pair, adapted from [32].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64721e8e215d2f6c89dbc94e/j_joeb-2021-0015_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKIDWLZBQZ%2F20260322%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260322T205916Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEKH%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICXlRnjD3SyNl07f7FRWYbW5agc6X0HUnHicx62vch2jAiANWLvQ%2Fj3wBwU7bynFAp0hV7%2FdxjDWcCltc7m9AK3sSiq8BQhqEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMdNM9RW5F3cXbRzS2KpkFYQ9q7jBm8zTFvRgPOyMHsAi9wa%2FxZ%2BxLcYtHu0j95ooru1ywrW3NnBUNLn0hnj2VuXtF1oyCu%2Fir9h%2BXbfyXqkTZVrvi6elhPiqiHfu7q3462MvooZSE3SUD8wV0x4kcTnyWcpYiGM1qFU0ZAlPIELgYPvyu3olCzqEdX%2BMuliNQGgUmGHmXGiaPweL1E4E7QInslbyxog3CkNQl7SmfMqlDLN7vnQwACA2dgMSKi26MIXXmUJchBO94IqH0KsWXWCZaw%2BJhMVFwU%2BrVKCVs3k5gsyul9kQQjx5vSFQLZRySXaZoj4rEnEO%2FW4qv5f9Tp8yDXfUrdASaV1Z8LeN2Mib9bel%2FRyyH9EwGyy77fdapCVvYYDDorMTwvk0yDohSeBFGYxBmOvm8x25q%2F4UjLGzi4lqRr0wIAfk5mEqWTHOz9564ZN6zg9mnjC%2Fp%2FRRgMlbs3DKWuTMJ3VEsLUXtoKu%2BzG1ZRmX6odIST6x3x53HTbgfzRpoJ7mPDMb07M3FMIsu7K3j%2FzigESSPe7ympkVFz%2BEYAKPsfCUifmLDnGRDuIFRM4iD%2B99bbtDhpr6IjPaP4Mw7NYb1%2Bap6iVbhTJul%2BXubIf9EuMS5LnLsdZCBPYa%2FuxTON0lRs4S1d87FV4MvP7Ll4daLQK8p4ScAVv5dbq5lZsb6EXRwAdMXOfx%2F7Qko7MAodVNSF3ALnZaKZekH8hF%2BETkm7ZvpVWSQYs9tQP74toX31QkJnokJubXIwL%2BM4kg03VKZW4EkfGpzDcKU95C3%2FBxSf7b%2BES2HhE09jkkrrFAcx8zOCuUUpNbuTVXU%2F%2FJNG5GCY2XDBZyb6FXVhqy4uVJ%2Fi43utKGAEZssU9D4F9nz42gYFhSoHRNA%2BEvHoONu0pQw2LqAzgY6sgF4vik%2F8Q0WbH%2FteKFGHLQRyYJhpLWOpcXWjS12%2F%2BEDjcyiKW5Y%2BnIQuGxKIIM%2B%2FHEQNBVM1Id5icefiFmLo9YxgPa5Bkdgugc5O7KfP1LvGE86I%2FmfSk5lh1MuVFllokBhgM6M1Vrc%2FHYKbFpxC08cVLueC74EadAyQmFcciOUSw2W%2FSKsnMyqKRMOULBa8UpgHb100B0scsnXUo%2Bamnsoo4gHmKMFYwolwPOFVyRxFF8E&X-Amz-Signature=ebe84200f1b0fd84afb122a3247bed91fdec1f73c67da59c3bef54dc94843ae2&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6

Figure 7

Measured volumes inside the silicone ventricle from CT measurements_ Cross-sectional areas obtained between the center electrode pair_ Estimated equivalent center radius_
| Step | Volume (mL) | Area (mm2) | Radius (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 117.90 | 1248.84 | 19.94 |
| 2 | 107.12 | 1022.55 | 18.04 |
| 3 | 97.96 | 855.50 | 16.50 |
| 4 | 87.20 | 683.15 | 14.75 |
| 5 | 76.84 | 506.83 | 12.70 |
| 6 | 69.46 | 401.12 | 11.30 |