Subframes of the historical responsibility
| Subframe | Date |
|---|---|
| Painful European history | Centuries of “bloodshed” (civil wars, world wars, etc.) |
| German question | Different episodes of German/European history (Prussia, etc.) |
| Nazi past | 1933–1945 |
| Dictatorship of East Germany | 1949–1990 |
| Readmission to civilization | Post-World War II |
| German reunification | 1990 |