Means, standard deviations and correlations (Spearman's ρ) of the Big Five personality traits and military morale at three different time points
| Variable | m | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 (n = 347) | ||||||||||
| 1. Openness | 3.41 | 0.48 | (0.75) | |||||||
| 2. Conscientiousness | 3.12 | 0.47 | 0.13* | (0.77) | ||||||
| 3. Extraversion | 3.15 | 0.64 | 0.31** | 0.03 | (0.88) | |||||
| 4. Agreeableness | 3.66 | 0.41 | 0.25** | 0.29** | 0.14** | (0.80) | ||||
| 5. Neuroticism | 2.19 | 0.57 | −0.21** | −0.32** | −0.17** | −0.30** | (0.87) | |||
| 6. DMorale1 (SUM)2 | 3.37 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.17** | 0.17** | 0.18** | −0.22** | (0.67) | ||
| 7. DMorale (individual)3 | 3.56 | 0.79 | 0.14** | 0.35** | 0.21** | 0.16** | −0.33** | 0.64** | (−) | |
| 8. DMorale (collective) | 3.27 | 0.77 | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.11* | 0.15** | −0.09 | 0.91** | 0.29** | (0.81) |
| Time 2 (n = 1,298)5 | ||||||||||
| 6. DMorale (SUM)4 | 3.11 | 0.83 | −0.01 | 0.19** | 0.23** | 0.07 | −0.16* | (0.85) | ||
| 7. DMorale (individual)3 | 3.23 | 1.04 | 0.02 | 0.20** | 0.15* | 0.06 | −0.14 | 0.74** | (−) | |
| 8. DMorale (collective) | 3.08 | 0.87 | −0.02 | 0.16* | 0.24** | 0.08 | −0.14* | 0.96** | 0.54** | (0.83) |
| Time 3 (n = 1,044)6 | ||||||||||
| 6. DMorale (SUM)4 | 3.32 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 0.21** | 0.19* | 0.15 | −0.12 | (0.82) | ||
| 7. DMorale (individual)3 | 3.48 | 1.02 | −0.01 | 0.26** | 0.15 | 0.12 | −0.08 | 0.77** | (−) | |
| 8. DMorale (collective) | 3.29 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.18* | 0.18* | 0.14 | −0.12 | 0.97** | 0.61** | (0.81) |
The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV) at Time 3 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs)
| Predictor (IV) | B | SE | Wald's χ2 | df | p | Exp(B) | 95% CI for Exp(B) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Time 3: Individual morale (DV), n = 1,236 | ||||||||
| Position | na | na | 8.356 | 2 | 0.015 | na | na | na |
| Position (1) | 0.355 | 0.165 | 4.636 | 1 | 0.031 | 1.426 | 1.032 | 1.971 |
| Position (2) | 0.569 | 0.269 | 4.487 | 1 | 0.034 | 1.767 | 1.043 | 2.993 |
| Constant | 0.124 | 0.064 | 3.765 | 1 | 0.052 | 1.132 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 8.580 | 2 | 0.014 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 0.000 | 1 | 1.000 | |||||
| R2 = 0.005 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.007 (Cox and Snell), 0.009 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||
| Time 3: Collective morale (DV), n = 1,113 | ||||||||
| Education | na | na | 5.328 | 2 | 0.070 | na | na | na |
| Education (1) | −0.284 | 0.194 | 2.141 | 1 | 0.143 | 0.753 | 0.515 | 1.101 |
| Education (2) | −0.583 | 0.253 | 5.318 | 1 | 0.021 | 0.558 | 0.340 | 0.916 |
| Place of residence | na | na | 9.788 | 4 | 0.044 | na | na | na |
| Place of residence (1) | −0.275 | 0.198 | 1.934 | 1 | 0.164 | 0.760 | 0.516 | 1.119 |
| Place of residence (2) | −0.345 | 0.197 | 3.073 | 1 | 0.080 | 0.708 | 0.481 | 1.042 |
| Place of residence (3) | −0.213 | 0.278 | 0.588 | 1 | 0.443 | 0.808 | 0.468 | 1.394 |
| Place of residence (4) | −0.493 | 0.160 | 9.541 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.611 | 0.447 | 0.835 |
| Constant | 0.853 | 0.213 | 16.042 | 1 | 0.000 | 2.346 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 15.870 | 6 | 0.014 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 1.233 | 5 | 0.942 | |||||
| R2 = 0.010 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.014 (Cox and Snell), 0.019 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||
The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV1) at Time 1 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs2)
| Predictor (IV2) | B | SE | Wald's χ2 | df | p | Exp(B) | 95% CI for Exp(B) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Time 1: Individual morale (DV1), n = 317 | ||||||||
| Openness | 0.024 | 0.289 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.934 | 1.024 | 0.582 | 1.803 |
| Consciousness | 1.081 | 0.294 | 13.553 | 1 | 0.000 | 2.949 | 1.658 | 5.244 |
| Extraversion | 0.674 | 0.207 | 10.592 | 1 | 0.001 | 1.962 | 1.307 | 2.944 |
| Agreeableness | 0.284 | 0.322 | 0.782 | 1 | 0.377 | 1.329 | 0.707 | 2.497 |
| Neuroticism | −0.758 | 0.259 | 8.585 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.486 | 0.282 | 0.778 |
| Constant | −4.584 | 1.890 | 5.879 | 1 | 0.015 | 0.010 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 54.049 | 5 | 0.000 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 11.892 | 8 | 0.156 | |||||
| R2 = 0.125 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.157 (Cox and Snell), 0.211 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||
| Time 1: Collective morale (DV1), n = 281 | ||||||||
| Openness | −0.582 | 0.295 | 3.885 | 1 | 0.049 | 0.559 | 0.313 | 0.997 |
| Consciousness | −0.103 | 0.284 | 0.132 | 1 | 0.716 | 0.902 | 0.517 | 1.575 |
| Extraversion | 0.209 | 0.202 | 1.065 | 1 | 0.302 | 1.232 | 0.829 | 1.832 |
| Agreeableness | 0.781 | 0.337 | 5.363 | 1 | 0.021 | 2.183 | 1.127 | 4.226 |
| Neuroticism | −0.339 | 0.261 | 1.687 | 1 | 0.194 | 0.712 | 0.427 | 1.189 |
| Language | 1.231 | 0.602 | 4.187 | 1 | 0.041 | 3.426 | 1.053 | 11.144 |
| Education | na | na | 6.356 | 2 | 0.042 | na | na | na |
| Education (1) | 0.440 | 1.464 | 0.090 | 1 | 0.764 | 1.552 | 0.088 | 27.335 |
| Education (2) | 0.430 | 1.492 | 0.083 | 1 | 0.773 | 0.651 | 0.035 | 12.107 |
| Constant | −0.910 | 2.423 | 0.141 | 1 | 0.707 | 0.402 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 20.442 | 8 | 0.009 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 8.448 | 8 | 0.391 | |||||
| R2 = 0.053 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.070 (Cox and Snell), 0.094 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||
Socio-demographic characteristics of research samples
| Variable | Wave 1 (n = 359) | Wave 2 (n = 1,354) | Wave 3 (n = 1,236) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Female | 4 | 14 | 14 |
| Male | 355 | 1,327 | 1,115 |
| Language | |||
| Estonian | 329 | 1,212 | 1,018 |
| Russian | 27 | 128 | 95 |
| Others | – | 8 | 8 |
| Missing | 3 | 6 | 115 |
| Education | |||
| Basic | 2 | 159 | 135 |
| Secondary | 255 | 1,002 | 853 |
| Higher | 57 | 162 | 130 |
| Missing | 45 | 31 | 118 |
| Place of residence | |||
| Countryside | 149 | 519 | 466 |
| Small town | 90 | 299 | 247 |
| Major town | 118 | 511 | 417 |
| Missing | 2 | 25 | 106 |
| Age | |||
| Mean | 21.37 | 21.53 | 21.62 |
| SD | 1.56 | 1.57 | 1.59 |
| Minimum | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Maximum | 27 | 27 | 28 |
| Missing | 1 | 11 | 110 |
| Training unit1 | |||
| Unit 1 | 238 | 498 | 429 |
| Unit 2 | 8 | 211 | 177 |
| Unit 3 | 4 | 97 | 88 |
| Unit 4 | 88 | 154 | 181 |
| Unit 5 | – | 145 | 155 |
| Unit 6 | – | 77 | 92 |
| Unit 7 | – | 62 | 111 |
| Unit 8 | – | 74 | – |
| Missing | 21 | 36 | 3 |
| Position | |||
| Soldiers | 359 | 1,133 | 987 |
| NCOs | – | 199 | 183 |
| Reserve officers | – | 22 | 66 |
| Student | |||
| Yes | 58 | 409 | 230 |
| No | 127 | 824 | 500 |
| Missing | 174 | 121 | 506 |
Cohen's d values used to compare the mean differences
| Variable | Mean difference | d/g | CI | CLES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. DMorale1 (IND)2: Time 1 → Time 2 | −0.33 | −0.333 | [−0.449, −0.216] | 0.593 |
| 2. DMorale (IND): Time1 → Time 3 | −0.08 | −0.082 | [−0.199, 0.035] | 0.523 |
| 3. DMorale (IND): Time 2 → Time 3 | 0.25 | 0.243 | [0.167, 0.319] | 0.568 |
| 1. DMorale (COL)3: Time 1 → Time 2 | −0.15 | −0.176 | [−0.292, −0.059] | 0.549 |
| 2. DMorale (COL): Time1 → Time 3 | 0.055 | 0.064 | [−0.053, 0.181] | 0.518 |
| 3. DMorale (COL): Time 2 → Time 3 | 0.205 | 0.234 | [0.158, 0.31] | 0.566 |
| 1. DMorale (SUM): Time 1 → Time 2 | −0.219 | −0.276 | [−0.392, −0.16] | 0.577 |
| 2. DMorale (SUM): Time1 → Time 3 | −0.003 | −0.003 | [−0.12, 0.114] | 0.501 |
| 3. DMorale (SUM): Time 2 → Time 3 | 0.217 | 0.259 | [0.183, 0.336] | 0.573 |
The results of binary logistic regression, predicting individual and collective types of military morale (DV) at Time 2 by personality and socio-demographic variables (IVs)
| Predictor (IV) | B | SE | Wald's χ2 | df | p | Exp(B) | 95% CI for Exp(B) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Time 2: Individual morale (DV), n = 1,227 | ||||||||
| Age | −0.072 | 0.037 | 3.792 | 1 | 0.051 | 0.930 | 0.865 | 1.000 |
| Position | na | na | 5.917 | 2 | 0.052 | na | na | na |
| Position (1) | 0.382 | 0.159 | 5.741 | 1 | 0.017 | 1.465 | 1.072 | 2.003 |
| Position (2) | −0.124 | 0.442 | 0.079 | 1 | 0.778 | 0.883 | 0.372 | 2.099 |
| Status of student | 0.307 | 0.124 | 6.145 | 1 | 0.013 | 1.360 | 1.066 | 1.734 |
| Constant | 1.064 | 0.809 | 1.728 | 1 | 0.189 | 2.897 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 16.120 | 4 | 0.003 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 15.090 | 7 | 0.35 | |||||
| R2 = 0.010 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.013 (Cox and Snell), 0.017 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||
| Time 2: Collective morale (DV), n = 1,219 | ||||||||
| Status of student | 0.338 | 0.128 | 6.971 | 1 | 0.008 | 1.402 | 1.091 | 1.801 |
| Education | na | na | 9.459 | 2 | 0.009 | na | na | na |
| Education (1) | −0.350 | 0.192 | 3.322 | 1 | 0.068 | 0.705 | 0.484 | 1.027 |
| Education (2) | −0.760 | 0.249 | 9.323 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.468 | 0.287 | 0.762 |
| Position | na | na | 11.598 | 2 | 0.003 | na | na | na |
| Position (1) | 0.138 | 0.160 | 0.742 | 1 | 0.389 | 1.148 | 0.839 | 1.572 |
| Position (2) | 2.098 | 0.630 | 11.087 | 1 | 0.001 | 8.147 | 2.370 | 28.004 |
| Constant | 0.011 | 0.215 | 0.003 | 1 | 0.958 | 1.011 | na | na |
| χ2 | df | p | ||||||
| Likelihood ratio test | 35.604 | 5 | 0.000 | |||||
| Hosmer and Lemeshow | 0.799 | 4 | 0.939 | |||||
| R2 = 0.022 (Hosmer and Lemeshow), 0.029 (Cox and Snell) 0.038 (Nagelkerke) | ||||||||