FIGURE 1.
Laboratory parameters
| Laboratory parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Neutrophils (× 103/µl) | 5.35 ± 1.48 |
| Lymphocytes (× 103/µl) | 1.96 (1.61–2.74) |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 2.43 (1.76–3.16) |
| Monocytes (× 103/µl) | 0.66 ± 0.2 |
| Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio | 3.33 (2.7–4.12) |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 1 (0.55–5.57) |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml) | 196.51 (156.52–245.6) |
| MMP-9 (ng/ml) | 71.03 (43.43–104.39) |
| ox-LDL (ng/ml) | 52.16 (34.79–67.73) |
Preoperative medication
| Medication | Study population (n = 46) |
|---|---|
| Anticoagulant | 11 (23.91%) |
| NOAC | 8 (17.39%) |
| VKA | 3 (6.52%) |
| Antiplatelet | 42 (91.3%) |
| Aspirin | 36 (78.26%) |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 26 (56.52%) |
| Hypolipemic | 43 (93.48%) |
| Statin | 43 (93.48%) |
| Statin + ezetimibe | 11 (23.91%) |
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Study population (n = 46) |
|---|---|
| Male sex | 31 (67.39%) |
| Female sex | 15 (32.61%) |
| Age (years) | 66.07 ± 8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.36 (25.15–31.32) |
| Hypertension | 44 (95.65%) |
| Hypertension stage II | 27 (58.7%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 36 (78.26%) |
| Advanced coronary artery disease | 12 (26.09%) |
| Atrial fibrillation 3 (6.52%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 15 (32.61%) |
| Treatment with oral antidiabetics | 9 (19.57%) |
| Treatment with insulin | 6 (13.04%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 12 (26.09%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 8 (17.39%) |
| Stroke history | 30 (65.22%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 43 (93.48%) |
| Smoking | 18 (39.13%) |
| Mean carotid artery stenosis (%) | 83.47 ± 6.57 |
Laboratory parameters and serum biomarkers in patients with and without postoperative complications
| Laboratory parameters | Patients without complications (n = 36) | Patients with complications (n = 10) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophils (× 103/µl) | 5.47 ± 1.56 | 4.91 ± 1.14 | 0.30 |
| Lymphocytes (× 103/µl) | 2.07 (1.65–3) | 1.86 ± 0.42 | 0.12 |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 2.34 (1.73–3.14) | 2.73 ± 0.75 | 0.39 |
| Monocytes (× 103/µl) | 0.67 ± 0.21 | 0.62 ± 0.16 | 0.47 |
| Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio | 3.47 (2.69–4.14) | 3.42 ± 0.97 | 0.57 |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 0.98 (0.54–4.94) | 2.04 (0.6–18.73) | 0.29 |
| MCP-1 (pg/ml) | 206.87 (157.96–250.72) | 181.94 (160.27–202.13) | 0.46 |
| MMP-9 (ng/ml) | 67.17 ± 34.28 | 191.92 ± 182.72 | 0.03 |
| ox-LDL (ng/ml) | 51.81 (35.01–70.83) | 50.99 ± 14.32 | 0.96 |
Final stepwise multivariable linear and binary logistic regression models for the prediction of complications after CEA
| Multivariable linear regression* | |||
| Parameter | Coefficient (95% CI) | Std. error | p value |
| MMP-9 (ng/ml) | 0.0029 (0.001–0.005) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 0.0288 (0.005–0.053) | 0.012 | 0.021 |
| Multivariable binary logistic regression** | |||
| Parameter | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| MMP-9 (ng/ml) | 0.0183 (0.002–0.035) | 0.02 | |
Associated comorbidities and preoperative medication in patients with and without postoperative complications
| Variables | Patients without complications (n = 36) | Patients with complications (n = 10) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 23 (63.89%) | 8 (80%) | 0.48 |
| Age (years) | 65.61 ± 8.5 | 67.7 ± 5.95 | 0.47 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.05 (24.29–30.59) | 29.51 ± 3.64 | 0.35 |
| Hypertension | 35 (97.22%) | 9 (90%) | 0.38 |
| Hypertension stage | 2 (2–2) | 2 (2–3) | 0.52 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 28 (77.78%) | 8 (80%) | 0.99 |
| Advanced coronary artery disease | 9 (25%) | 3 (30%) | 0.70 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (36.11%) | 2 (20%) | 0.45 |
| Treatment with oral antidiabetics | 8 (22.22%) | 1 (10%) | 0.66 |
| Treatment with insulin | 5 (13.89%) | 1 (10%) | 0.99 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 10 (27.78%) | 2 (20%) | 0.70 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (19.44%) | 1 (10%) | 0.66 |
| Stroke history | 25 (69.44%) | 5 (50%) | 0.28 |
| Dyslipidemia | 34 (94.44%) | 9 (90%) | 0.52 |
| Smoking | 17 (47.22%) | 1 (10%) | 0.06 |
| Carotid artery degree stenosis | 84.53 ± 6.47 | 79.5 ± 5.5 | 0.02 |
| Preoperative anticoagulant | 10 (27.78%) | 1 (10%) | 0.41 |
| NOAC | 8 (22.22%) | 0 (0%) | 0.15 |
| VKA | 2 (5.56%) | 1 (10%) | 0.52 |
| Preoperative antiplatelet | 33 (91.67%) | 9 (90%) | 0.99 |
| Aspirin | 27 (75%) | 9 (90%) | 0.41 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 22 (61.11%) | 4 (40%) | 0.29 |
| Preoperative hypolipemic | 34 (94.44%) | 9 (90%) | 0.61 |
| Statin | 34 (94.44%) | 9 (90%) | 0.61 |
| Statin + ezetimibe | 8 (22.22%) | 3 (30%) | 0.66 |