References
- Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001;286(21):2703–10.
- Page VJ, Navarange S, Gama S, McAuley DF. Routine delirium monitoring in a UK critical care unit. Crit Care. 2009;13(1):R16.
- Girard TD, Pandharipande PP, Ely EW. Delirium in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2008;12(Suppl 3).
- Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1753–62.
- McCusker J, Cole MG, Voyer P, et al. Prevalence and incidence of delirium in long-term care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(11):1152–61.
- Milbrandt EB, Deppen S, Harrison PL, et al. Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(4):955–62.
- Mechanic D, Tanner J. Vulnerable people, groups, and populations: societal view. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(5):1220–30.
- Sun X, Shen Y, Ji M, et al. Frailty is an independent risk factor of one-year mortality after elective orthopedic surgery: a prospective cohort study. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(5):7190–8.
- Mattison M. Hospital management of older adults UpToDate2021 [Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hospital-management-of-older-adults . - Zaal IJ, Devlin JW, Peelen LM, Slooter AJ. A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(1):40–7.
- Krewulak KD, Stelfox HT, Ely EW, Fiest KM. Risk factors and outcomes among delirium subtypes in the intensive care unit: a systematic review. J Crit Care. 2020;56:257–264.
- Maldonado JR. Delirium pathophysiology: An updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(11):1428–1457.
- Malik AK, Baidya DK, Anand RK, Subramaniam R. A New ICU Delirium Prevention Bundle to Reduce the Incidence of Delirium: A Randomized Parallel Group Trial. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2021;25(7):754–60.
- Marcantonio ER. Delirium in Hospitalized Older Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(15):1456–66.
- Oh ES, Fong TG, Hshieh TT, Inouye SK. Delirium in Older Persons: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. Jama. 2017;318(12):1161–74.
- Flaherty JH, Little MO. The Delirium Room: A Restraint-Free Model of Care for Older Patients with Delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2023;36(1):45–52.
- Adults American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(1):142–50.
- Francis J. Delirium and acute confusional states: Prevention, treatment, and prognosis: UpToDate; 2019 [Available from:
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/delirium-and-acute-confusional-states-prevention-treatment-and-prognosis ]. - Sepúlveda E, Franco JG, Trzepacz PT, Gaviria AM, Arias J. Delirium and acute confusional states: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2020 Apr–Jun;49(2):95–106.
- Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(1):119–41.
- The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) training manual Training [Available from:
https://www.icudelirium.org/resource-downloads/cam-icu-training-manual ]. - Khan BA, Perkins AJ, Gao S, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU-7 Delirium Severity Scale: A Novel Delirium Severity Instrument for Use in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(5):851–7.
- Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2023. [Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553009/ ] - Devlin JW, Al-Qadhee NS, Skrobik Y. Pharmacologic prevention and treatment of delirium in critically ill and non-critically ill hospitalised patients: a review of data from prospective, randomised studies. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2012;26(3):289–309.
- Morrison RS, Magaziner J, Gilbert M, et al. Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(1):76–81.
- Smith H, Johnson M, Wei J. Delirium risk associated with opioid analgesics in older adults: A prospective cohort study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022;35(3):174–183.
- Moryl N, Kogan M, Comfort C, Obbens E. Methadone in the treatment of pain and terminal delirum in advanced cancer patients. Palliat Support Care. 2005;3(4):311–7.
- Milisen K, Foreman MD, Abraham IL, et al. A nurse-led interdisciplinary intervention program for delirium in elderly hip-fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(5):523–32.
- Oldenbeuving AW, de Kort PL, Jansen BP, Kappelle LJ, Roks G. A pilot study of rivastigmine in the treatment of delirium after stroke: a safe alternative. BMC Neurol. 2008;8:34.
- Gamberini M, Bolliger D, Lurati Buse GA, et al. Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery--a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1762–8.
- Kalisvaart KJ, de Jonghe JF, Bogaards MJ, et al. Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1658–66.
- Larsen KA, Kelly SE, Stern TA, et al. Administration of olanzapine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly joint-replacement patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Psychosomatics. 2010;51(5):409–18.
- Hirota T, Kishi T. Prophylactic antipsychotic use for postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(12):e1136–44.
- Li X, Yang J, Nie XL, et al. Impact of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of delirium in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0170757.
- Lee C, Lee CH, Lee G, Lee M, Hwang J. The effect of the timing and dose of dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium in elderly patients after laparoscopic major non-cardiac surgery: A double blind randomized controlled study. J Clin Anesth. 2018;47:27–32.
- Krewulak KD, Rosgen BK, Ely EW, Stelfox HT, Fiest KM. The CAMICU-7 and ICDSC as measures of delirium severity in critically ill adult patients. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0242378.