Fig.1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Main Characteristics Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients_
| X-ray findings | Bilateral Pneumonia (n=168) | Without Bilateral Pneumonia (n=10) |
| Males | 126 (71%) | 7 (4%) |
| Females | 42 (24%) | 3 (1%) |
| Type of Ventilation | Survived (n= 86) | Expired (n=92) |
| Invasive | 1 (1% out of total population) | 20 (11% out of total population) |
| Non-Invasive | 85 (48% out of total population) | 72 (40% out of total population) |
Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Between the Groups of Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients According to the Type of Ventilatory Support They Needed for the Intensive Care
| Parameters | Non-invasive Ventilation | Invasive Ventilation | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | ||
| Urea (mg/dl) | 71.98 | 51.71 | 98.09 | 61.53 | 0.0351 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.61 | 1.66 | 1.76 | 0.93 | 0.6845 |
| Na+(mmol/l) | 133.84 | 14.7 | 142.00 | 9.31 | 0.0142 |
| K+ (mmol/l) | 4.49 | 2.84 | 4.36 | 1.00 | 0.8356 |
| T-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.88 | 1.78 | 1.25 | 1.45 | 0.3620 |
| D-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.54 | 1.43 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.7310 |
| Ind-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.0251 |
| Serum Protein (g/dl) | 6.34 | 0.94 | 6.17 | 0.81 | 0.4272 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.36 | 0.57 | 3.06 | 0.66 | 0.0272 |
| Globulin (g/dl) | 3.22 | 2.23 | 4.29 | 5.27 | 0.0952 |
| AST (IU/L) | 70.55 | 61.59 | 116.95 | 125.95 | 0.0060 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 56.02 | 46.93 | 67.99 | 136.89 | 0.4211 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 124.22 | 117.72 | 154.00 | 93.68 | 0.2676 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 526.42 | 265.67 | 543.67 | 244.03 | 0.7783 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 2.47 | 7.95 | 6.45 | 11.11 | 0.0420 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 550.75 | 2818.64 | 246.29 | 318.84 | 0.6224 |
| D-Dimer (µg/ml) | 6407.22 | 14105.46 | 9058.29 | 7715.01 | 0.4003 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 805.80 | 931.27 | 1053.73 | 968.32 | 0.2556 |
Instruments and Methods Used for the Quantitative Analysis of Biochemical Parameters:
| Sr. No. | Instrument | Tests | Methods and Reagents |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Mindray BS480 Analyzer (Serum in plain vacutainer) | Total Bilirubin | Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid (DSA) method |
| Direct Bilirubin | Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid (DSA) method | ||
| Indirect Bilirubin | Calculated | ||
| Serum Protein | Biuret method | ||
| Serum Albumin | Bromocresol Green (BCG) | ||
| Serum Globulin | Calculated | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | UV Kinetic assay without PLP (IFCC) | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | UV Kinetic assay without PLP (IFCC) | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | para-Nitrophenyl Phosphate and AMP Buffer (IFCC/Kinetic) | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) | UV Kinetic assay (IFCC) | ||
| Urea | Urease-Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) method | ||
| Creatinine | Sarcosine Oxidase method | ||
| B. | Avantor Easylyte Electrolyte Analyzer (Serum in plain vacutainer) | Sodium | Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) |
| Potassium | Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) | ||
| C. | Beckman Coulter Access 2 Immunoassay System (Serum in plain vacutainer) | IL-6 | Chemiluminescent Immunoassay method |
| Ferritin | Chemiluminescent Immunoassay method | ||
| D. | AQT 90 Flex Immunoassay Analyzer (Whole blood in EDTA Vacutainer) | D-Dimer | Immunoassay |
| PCT | Immunoassay | ||