Table 1.
Instruments and Methods Used for the Quantitative Analysis of Biochemical Parameters:
| Sr. No. | Instrument | Tests | Methods and Reagents |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. | Mindray BS480 Analyzer (Serum in plain vacutainer) | Total Bilirubin | Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid (DSA) method |
| Direct Bilirubin | Diazotized Sulfanilic Acid (DSA) method | ||
| Indirect Bilirubin | Calculated | ||
| Serum Protein | Biuret method | ||
| Serum Albumin | Bromocresol Green (BCG) | ||
| Serum Globulin | Calculated | ||
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | UV Kinetic assay without PLP (IFCC) | ||
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | UV Kinetic assay without PLP (IFCC) | ||
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | para-Nitrophenyl Phosphate and AMP Buffer (IFCC/Kinetic) | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) | UV Kinetic assay (IFCC) | ||
| Urea | Urease-Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) method | ||
| Creatinine | Sarcosine Oxidase method | ||
| B. | Avantor Easylyte Electrolyte Analyzer (Serum in plain vacutainer) | Sodium | Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) |
| Potassium | Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) | ||
| C. | Beckman Coulter Access 2 Immunoassay System (Serum in plain vacutainer) | IL-6 | Chemiluminescent Immunoassay method |
| Ferritin | Chemiluminescent Immunoassay method | ||
| D. | AQT 90 Flex Immunoassay Analyzer (Whole blood in EDTA Vacutainer) | D-Dimer | Immunoassay |
| PCT | Immunoassay |
Fig.1.
ROC Curve of Total Protein, Albumin and Globulin as a predictor of Non-invasive Ventilation
Table 2.
Main Characteristics Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients.
| X-ray findings | Bilateral Pneumonia (n=168) | Without Bilateral Pneumonia (n=10) |
| Males | 126 (71%) | 7 (4%) |
| Females | 42 (24%) | 3 (1%) |
| Type of Ventilation | Survived (n= 86) | Expired (n=92) |
| Invasive | 1 (1% out of total population) | 20 (11% out of total population) |
| Non-Invasive | 85 (48% out of total population) | 72 (40% out of total population) |
Table 3.
Comparison of Biochemical Parameters Between the Groups of Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients According to the Type of Ventilatory Support They Needed for the Intensive Care
| Parameters | Non-invasive Ventilation | Invasive Ventilation | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Standard Deviation | Mean | Standard Deviation | ||
| Urea (mg/dl) | 71.98 | 51.71 | 98.09 | 61.53 | 0.0351 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.61 | 1.66 | 1.76 | 0.93 | 0.6845 |
| Na+(mmol/l) | 133.84 | 14.7 | 142.00 | 9.31 | 0.0142 |
| K+ (mmol/l) | 4.49 | 2.84 | 4.36 | 1.00 | 0.8356 |
| T-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.88 | 1.78 | 1.25 | 1.45 | 0.3620 |
| D-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.54 | 1.43 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.7310 |
| Ind-Bil (mg/dl) | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.0251 |
| Serum Protein (g/dl) | 6.34 | 0.94 | 6.17 | 0.81 | 0.4272 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.36 | 0.57 | 3.06 | 0.66 | 0.0272 |
| Globulin (g/dl) | 3.22 | 2.23 | 4.29 | 5.27 | 0.0952 |
| AST (IU/L) | 70.55 | 61.59 | 116.95 | 125.95 | 0.0060 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 56.02 | 46.93 | 67.99 | 136.89 | 0.4211 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 124.22 | 117.72 | 154.00 | 93.68 | 0.2676 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 526.42 | 265.67 | 543.67 | 244.03 | 0.7783 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 2.47 | 7.95 | 6.45 | 11.11 | 0.0420 |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 550.75 | 2818.64 | 246.29 | 318.84 | 0.6224 |
| D-Dimer (µg/ml) | 6407.22 | 14105.46 | 9058.29 | 7715.01 | 0.4003 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml) | 805.80 | 931.27 | 1053.73 | 968.32 | 0.2556 |
Fig. 2.
ROC curve for Urea, Creatinine, Sodium and Potassium as an indicator of Invasive Ventilation
Fig. 3.
ROC curve for LDH and PCT as an indicator of Invasive Ventilation
Fig. 4.
ROC curve for IL-6, D-dimer and Ferritin as an indicator of Invasive Ventilation