References
- Aizen, M.A., Garibaldi, L.A., Cunningham, S.A., Klein, A.M. (2008). Long-Term Global Trends in Crop Yield and Production Reveal No Current Pollination Shortage but Increasing Pollinator Dependency. Current Biology, 18, 1572–1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.066
- Blitzer, E.J., Gibbs, J., Park, M.G., Danforth, B.N. (2016). Pollination services for apple are dependent on diverse wild bee communities. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 221, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.004
- Brault, A.M., & de Oliveira, D. (1995). Seed Number and an Asymmetry Index of McIntosh’Apples. American Society for Horticultural Science, 30(1), 44–46. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.30.1.44
- Brittain, C., Williams, N., Kremen, C., Klein, A. (2013). Synergistic effects of non-Apis bees and honey bees for pollination services. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences, 280(1754), 20122767. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2767
- Buccheri, M., & Di Vaio, C. (2005). Relationship among seed number, quality, and calcium content in apple fruits. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27(10), 1735–1746. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200026409
- Cornille, A., Girau, T., Smulders, M.J.M., Roldán-Ruiz, I., Gladieux, P. (2014). The domestication and evolutionary ecology of apples. Trends in Genetics, 30(2), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016
- Czernyszewicz, E. (2016). Long-term trends in production and consumption of apples in Poland, Europe and worldwide. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 15(3), 95–104.
- De Witte, K., Vercammen, J., van Daele, G., Keulemans, J. (1996). Fruit set, seed set and fruit weight in apple as influenced by emasculation, self-pollination and cross-pollination. Acta Horticulturae, 423, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.423.23
- Delaplane, K., & Mayer, D. (2000). Crop Pollination by Bees. Wallingford, UK.
- Doust, J.L., & Doust, L.L. (1988). Plant reproductive ecology: patterns and strategies. Oxford: University Press on Demand.
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2019). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-FAOSTAT
- Ferree, D.C., & Warrington, I.J. (2003). Apples: Botany. Production and Uses., New York: CABI
- Földesi, R., Kovács-Hostyánszki, A., Kőrösi, Á., Somay, L., Elek, Z., Markó, V., Báldi, A. (2016). Relationships between wild bees, hoverflies and pollination success in apple orchards with different landscape contexts. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 18(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12135
- Free, J.B. (1964). Comparison of the importance of insect and wind pollination of apple trees. Nature, 201, 726–727.
- Garratt, M.P.D., Breeze, T.D., Boreux, V., Fountain, M.T., Mckerchar, M., Webber, S.M., Biesmeijer, J.C. (2016). Apple pollination: demand depends on variety and supply depends on pollinator identity. PloS One, 11(5), e0153889. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27152628 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153889
- Garratt, M.P.D., Truslove, C.L., Coston, D.J., Evans, R.L., Moss, E.D., Dodson, C., Potts, S.G. (2014a). Pollination deficits in UK apple orchards. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 12(2), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2014)8
- Garratt, M.P., Breeze, T.D., Jenner, N., Polce, C., Biesmeijer, J.C., Potts, S.G. (2014b). Avoiding a bad apple: Insect pollination enhances fruit quality and economic value. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 184, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.032
- Jahed, K.R., & Hirst, P.M. (2018). Pollen source effects on seed number, fruit quality and return bloom of apple. Journal of American Pomological Society, 72(4), 212–221.
- Juniper, B.E., Watkins, R., Harris, S.A. (1999). The origin of the apple. Acta Horticulturae, 484, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.484.1
- Kemp, W.P. (2000). The future of crop pollination. American Bee Journal, 140(11), 851–853.
- Keulemans, J., Brusselle, A., Eyssen, R., Vercammen, J., Van Daele, G. (1996). Fruit weight in apple as influenced by seed number and pollinizer. Acta Horticulturae, 423, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1996.423.26
- Kevan, P.G., & Baker, H.G. (1983). Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 407–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.002203
- Klein, A.M., Vaissière, B.E., Cane, J.H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C., Tscharntke, T. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721
- Krunic, M., & Stanisavljevic, L. (2006). Augmentation of managed populations of Osmia cornuta and Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Southeastern Europe. European Journal of Entomology, 103(3), 695–697.
- Ladurner, E., Recla, L., Wolf, M., Zelger, R., Burgio, G. (2004). Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera Megachilidae) densities required for apple pollination: a cage study. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43(3), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2004.11101121
- Losada, J.M., & Herrero, M. (2013). The influence of the progamic phase for fruiting in the apple tree. Annals of Applied Biology, 163(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12035
- Maccagnani, B., Ladurner, E., Santi, F., Burgio, G. (2003). Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) as a pollinator of pear (Pyrus communis): fruit-and seed-set. Apidologie, 34(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003009
- Mallinger, R.E., & Gratton, C. (2015). Species richness of wild bees, but not the use of managed honeybees, increases fruit set of a pollinator-dependent crop. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(2), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12377
- Martins, K.T., Gonzalez, A., Lechowicz, M.J. (2015). Pollination services are mediated by bee functional diversity and landscape context. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 200, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.10.018
- Matsumoto, S., Abe, A., Maejima, T. (2009). Foraging behavior of Osmia cornifrons in an apple orchard. Scientia Horticulturae, 12(1), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.01.003
- Michener, C.D. (2007). The Bees of the World. Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Monzón, V.H., Bosch, J., Retana, J. (2004). Foraging behavior and pollinating effectiveness of Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on “Comice” pear. Apidologie, 35(6), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004055
- Morgan, J., & Richards, A. (2002). The new book of apples. Ebury Press, London
- Pardo, A.; & Borges, P.A.V. (2020). Worldwide importance of insect pollination in apple orchards: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environmen, 293, 106839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106839
- Radmacher, S., & Strohm, E. (2010). Facteurs affectant la taille corporelle de la progéniture de l’abeille soliter Osmia bicornis (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae). Apidologie, 41, 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009064
- Ramírez, F., & Davenport, T.L. (2013). Apple pollination: a review. Scientia Horticulturae, 162, 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.08.007
- Robinson, J.P., Harris, S.A., Juniper, B.E. (2001). Taxonomy of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae) with emphasis on the cultivated apple, Malus domestica Borkh. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 226, 35–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006060170072
- Russo, L., Park, M.G., Blitzer, E.J., Danforth, B.N. (2017). Flower handling behavior and abundance determine the relative contribution of pollinators to seed set in apple orchards. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 246, 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.05.033
- Sapir, G., Baras, Z., Azmon, G., Goldway, M., Shafir, S., Allouche, A., Stern, R.A. (2017). Synergistic effects between bumblebees and honey bees in apple orchards increase cross pollination, seed number and fruit size. Scientia Horticulturae, 219, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.03.010
- Sedivy, C., & Dorn, S. (2014). Towards a sustainable management of bees of the subgenus Osmia (Megachilidae; Osmia) as fruit tree pollinators. Apidologie, 45(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0231-8
- Sharma, H.K., Gupta, J.K., Thakur, J.R. (2004). Effect of bee pollination and polliniser proportion on apple productivity. In VII International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics, 662, (p. 451–454). https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.662.68
- Sheffield, C.S. (2014). Pollination, seed set and fruit quality in apple: studies with Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the Annapolis valley, Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 12, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603 (2014)11
- Sheffield, C.S., Westby, S.M., Smith, R.F., Kevan, P.G. (2008). Potential of bigleaf lupine for building and sustaining Osmia lignaria populations for pollination of apple. The Canadian Entomologist, 140(5), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.4039/n08-011
- Shivanna, K.R., & Tandon, R. (2014). Fruit and Seed Biology. Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: A Manual, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2003-9_10
- Stern, R.A., Eisikowitch, D., Dag, A. (2001). Sequential introduction of honeybee colonies and doubling their density increases cross-pollination, fruit-set and yield in ‘Red Delicious’ apple. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 76, 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2001.11511320
- Tasei, J.N., & Picart, M. (1973). Observations sur le developpement d’Osmia cornuta Latr. et Osmia rufa L. (Hymenoptera Megachilidae). Apidologie, 4(4), 295–315.
- Thamaraikannan, M., Palaniappan, G., Sengottuval, C. (2010). Can Indian Apples Beat Imports in Quality and Price? World, 4(69.587.24), 14–32.
- Thomson, J.D., & Goodell, K. (2001). Pollen removal and deposition by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to apple and almond flowers. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 1032–1044. https://www.jstor.org/stable/827241
- Vicens, N., & Bosch, J. (2000). Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Apidae) on ‘red Delicious’ apple. Environmental Entomology, 29(2), 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/29.2.235
- Volz, R.K., Tustin, D.S., Ferguson, I.B. (1996). Pollination effects on fruit mineral composition, seeds and cropping characteristics of ‘Braeburn’apple trees. Scientia horticulturae, 66(3–4), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(96)00934-X
- Wójtowski, F. (1979). Spostrzeżenia nad biologią i możliwościami użytkowania pszczoły murarki Osmia rufa L. (Apoidea; Megachilidae). Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu, 111, 103–108.