Table 1
List of PCR primers used in molecular detection of parasites and pathogens in this study
| Primer | Sequence | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| E2 | F: 5′-GGCAGAATAAGTGCATTG-3′ | A |
| H2 | R: 5′-CAATATCATTGATGACC-3′ | A |
| NosemaSSU-1F | F: 5′-ACAATATGTATTAGATCTGATATA-3′ | B |
| NosemaSSU-1R | R: 5′-TAATGATATGCTTAAG TTCAAAG-3′ | B |
| Phorid-rRNA-1F | F: 5′-GTACACCTATACATTGGGTTCGTACATT AC-3′ | C |
| Phorid-rRNA-1R | R: 5′-GAGRGCCATAAAAGTAGCTACACC-3′ | C |
| S.apis ITS-F | F: 5′-AATGCCAGAAGCACGTATCC-3′ | D |
| S.apis ITS-R | R: 5′-GAACGAGATATACTCATAAGCTGTTACAC-3′ | D |
| Ms-160 F | F: 5′-TTGCA AAAGCTGTTTTAGATGC-3′ | D |
| Ms-160-R | R: 5′-TGACCAGAAATGTTTGCTGAA-3′ | D |
| CBSSU rRNA F2 | F: 5′-CTTTTGACGAACAACTGCCCTATC-3′ | E |
| CBSSU rRNA B4 | R: 5′-AACCGAACGCACTAAACCCC-3′ | E |
| L.passim18S-F | F: 5′-AGGGATATTTAAACCC ATCGAAAATCT-3′ | F |
| C.mel 474-F | F: 5′-TTTACGCA TGTCATGCATGCCA-3′ | F |
Fig. 1
Counties in Arkansas with colonies positive for L. passim, V. ceranae, and V. destructor. Counties in grey represent those from which honey bee colony samples were received.