Fig. 1
OTC administration to the bees.
Fig. 2
Box plots of number of frames covered by adult bees (A) or occupied by brood (B) before and after treatment.
Fig. 3
Box plots of OTC residues (µg/kg) in honey taken from the nest of the group 1 (A), group 2 (B) and group 3 (C).
Table 1
Bacterial strains and ARGs found in the three groups 5.5 and 8 months after treatments
| 1st Sampling | 2nd Sampling | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.5 months after treatment | 8 months after treatment | |||
| GROUPS | Strains | ARGs | Strains | ARGs |
| “Long protocol” | Mannheimia haemolytica | Bacillus licheniformis | ||
| Pantoea spp. | Serratia plymuthica | |||
| Pasteurella pneumotropica | Klebsiella oxytoca | |||
| Pasteurella pneumotropica/Brucella/Psychrobacter | Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus | TET-A TET-M | ||
| Pasteurella pneumotropica/Mannheimia/Bibersteinia | TET-M | Pasteurella spp. | TET-O TET-B | |
| Aeromonas-Vibrio-Pseudomonas luteola | Moraxella spp. | TET-M | ||
| Bacillus spp. (B. thuringiensis) | Aeromonas hydrophila | TET-A | ||
| Acinetobacter | Mannheimia haemolytica/Bibersteinia trehalosi | TET-M | ||
| Citrobacter koseri | TET-O TET-A | |||
| Proteus spp. | Fusobacterium spp. | |||
| Bacillus lentus | Proteus vulgaris | TET-D | ||
| “Short protocol” | Bacillus firmus | TET-O | Aeromonas hydrophila | TET-A TET-M |
| Bacillus megaterium | TET-O | Mannheimia haemolytica/Bibersteinia trehalosi | TET-O | |
| Bordetella spp. | Kluyvera spp. | |||
| E. coli | Vibrio vulnificus | |||
| Brevibacillus | Aeromonas hydrophila/caviae | TET-A | ||
| Control | Kodamaea ohmeri | Brevundimonas vesicularis/Mannheimia haemolytica/Bibersteinia trehalosi | ||
| Paenibacillus spp. | Brevundimonas vesicularis/Mannheimia haemolytica/Bibersteinia trehalosi | |||
| Pasteurella spp. | ||||
| Vibrio perahemolyticus | ||||