Table 1
Studies in which analyses of the mineral profile of honey were carried out to evaluate its geographical (GO) and botanical origin (BO)
| Reference | Type of honey | Number of samples | From | Analytical technique | Aim | Elements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conti et al. (2007) | Acacia, Multifloral, Honeydew | 69 | IT | F-AAS, GF-AAS | BO | Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn |
| Vanhanen et al. (2011) | Leptosermum, Weinmannia, Honeydrew, Thymus, Metrosideros, Echium, Ixerba, Knighita, Carduus, Trifolium | NZ | ICP-OES | GO | Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Zn | |
| Oroian et al. (2015) | Acacia, Tilia, Sunflower, Multifloral | 52 | RO | ICP-MS | GO and BO | As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn |
| Ahmed et al. (2016) | Jujube, Multifloral, Acacia | 16 | PK, DE, FR | AAS | GO | Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, 0Ni, Pb, Zn |
| Louppis et al. (2017) | Citrus, Pinus, Abies, Thymus | 207 | GR | ICP-AES | BO | Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Si, Ti, Tl, V and Zn |
| Bontempo et al. (2017) | Acacia, Multifloral, Honeydew, Rhododendron, Chestnut, Eucalyptus | 265 | IT | ICP-OES | GO and BO | Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Zn |
| Bilandžić et al. (2017) | Multifloral, Erica, Arbutus unedo, Canulla, Honeydew, Citrus | 26 | HR | ICP-MS | BO | Al, CA, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Se, Sb, V, U, Th |
| Di Rosa et al. (2019) | Eucalyptus, Castanea, Hedysarum, Citrus | 28 | IT | ICP-MS | BO | Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn |
| Lanjwani & Channa (2019) | Multifloral | 15 | PK | F-AAS | GO | Fe, Zn, Co, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Na, K, Ca, Mg |
| Squadrone et al. (2020) | Multifloral | 75 | BALKANS, KZ, SOUTH AMERICA, TZ | ICP-MS | GO and BO | Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, In, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, U, V, Zn |
[i] F-AAS: Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy; GF-AAS: Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; ICP-OES: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer; ICP-MS: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
[ii] The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard code was used to indicate the provenance of the samples
Table 2
Studies in which spectroscopic techniques are used for the analysis of honey in order to verify its correct botanical (BO) and geographical (GO) origin and any fraudulent additions
| Reference | Type of honey | Number of samples | From | Technique | Statistic appr. | Aim of the work | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schellenberg et al. (2010) | Honeydew, unfloral | 516 | IT, PT, DE, ES, FR, GR, IS, IE, PL, GB, AT, DK. | IRMS | GO | 70% of correct classified samples | |
| Zheng et al. (2016) | Unfloral, multifloral | 75 | CN | 1H NMR | PCA, OPLS-DA | GO and BO | Discrimination of sample variations by analysing saccharides and all types of amino acids and organic carboxylic acids |
| Minaei et al. (2017) | 8 Robinia pseudoacacia L., 10 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, 9 Calluna vulgaris L., 15 Tilia spp., 10 Brassica napus L. | 52 | PL | VIS-NIR (range 400–1000 nm) | PCA | BO | Three machine learning algorithms (radial basis function, support vector machine and random forest of which the best achieved 94% accuracy |
| Lastra-Mejías et al. (2018) | Unfloral, multifloral | 10 | ES, MX. | Fluorescence spectroscopy | PLS-2 | BO | Simple approach, 95% accuracy |
| Chen et al. (2019) | Longan, non-longan | 163 | TH, TW | IRMS | LSD | Anti-fraud | 7% adulterated samples, Differences between Taiwan and Thailand longan honeys |
| Suhandy & Yulia (2021) | Durian, multifloral | 400 | ID | UV-VIS spectrometer | PCA | BO | 100% correct discrimination |
| Stefas et al. (2021) | Unfloral, multifloral | 45 | LIBS | LDA | Anti-fraud | 2 predictive models with classification accuracy greater than 90% |
[i] IRMS: isotope ratio mass spectrometry; 1H NMR: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance; VIS-NIR: visibly-near-infrared spectroscopy; UV-VIS: visibly-ultraviolet spectroscopy; LIBS: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
[ii] The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard code was used to indicate the provenance of the samples
Table 3
Studies in which genomic techniques have been adopted for the analysis of honey, with the respective results obtained
| Reference | Type of honey | Provenance | Sequencing | Number of samples | Advantages | Problems |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bruni et al. (2015) | Multifloral | IT | RbcL and trnH-psbA plastid | 4 | high performances, possibility of replacing mellissopalinological analysis in the future | Need improving plant database |
| Soares et al. (2015) | Unifloral/multifloral | PT | - | 4 | Solidity, sensitivity, specificity and less margin of human subjectivity in the analysis of the results | - |
| Laha et al. (2017) | Multifloral | IN | NGS | 20 | Need improving plant database | |
| Prosser & Hebert (2017) | Mixed | CA/MX | Ion Torrent | 7 | Successful in 5/7 of the samples | Risk of being acted upon by small fraudulent additions of pollen |
| Utzeri et al. (2018) | Unifloral/multifloral/honeydrew | MIXED | TrnL-UAA plastid | 9 | Low cost in prospective and more efficacy | - |
| Saravanan et al. (2019) | - | IN | 3730XL automated DNA Sequencer | 29 | Quicker, easier than mellissopalinological analysis | Need improving plant barcode database |
[i] RbcL and trnH-psbA: plastid regions as barcode markers; NGS: Next generation sequencing; TrnL-UAA plastid region; 3730XL: DNA ANALYZER (THERMO FISHER)
[ii] The ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 standard code was used to indicate the provenance of the samples