Impact of Legislation on Antibiotic Use and Awareness of Beekeepers

Figures & Tables

	EU	UK	US
Antibiotic use	Low persistent use of ABs.Highest reported use of ABs (5%).ABs purchased from other beekeepers.	Low but persistent use of ABs.	Low persistent use of ABs. ABs mainly used for Nosema (no AB registered for this). ABs purchased online. Most likely to not follow label instructions.
Antibiotic awareness	Little knowledge on AB function.	Little knowledge on AB function.	Little knowledge on AB function (e.g. indicated a preventative function).Most likely to see ABs fail to treat. Acquire AB information online.

	EU	UK	US
Antibiotic use	Minor antibiotic use and illegal treatments (official controls). Verify traceability of Abs. Verify preparedness and training of officers and veterinarians.	Continue to monitor antibiotic use and respect of protocol (official controls). Continue to verify preparedness and training of bee inspectors and veterinarians.	Monitor antibiotic use and illegal treatments (official controls). Verify traceability of Abs. Verify preparedness and training of officers and veterinarians.
Antibiotic awareness	Training of beekeepers concerning antimicrobials.	Training of beekeepers concerning antimicrobials.	Training of beekeepers concerning antimicrobials, especially ABs use following label instructions.