Reproduction and Accompanying Fauna of Red Mason Bee Osmia rufa L. (syn. Osmia bicornis L.) in Areas with Different Levels of Urbanization

Figures & Tables

Urbanization level	Habitat	Cells occupied by parasites per tube			Total for area

		min-max	Total for site

			Me	Mean ± SD	Me	Mean ± SD
H	C1	0.14 – 1.19	0.18 ^a*	0.17 ± 0.02	0.25 ^A**	0.56 ± 0.61
	C2	1.26 – 1.94	1.39 ^ab	1.53 ± 036
	C3	0.08 – 0.56	0.28 ^ab	0.31 ± 0.24
	C4	0.16 – 0.37	0.23 ^ab	0.25 ± 0.1
M	S1	2.51 – 3.03	2.93 ^b	2.8 ± 2.7	1.10 ^B	1.58 ± 1.09
	S2	0.47 – 1.10	0.69 ^ab	0.75 ± 0.31
	S3	0.25 – 2.21	1.03 ^ab	1.16 ± 0.99
L	V1	0.32 – 0.45	0.38 ^ab	0.38 ± 0.06	0.45 ^AB	0.64 ± 0.44
	V2	0.27 – 1.44	0.92 ^ab	0.87 ± 0.59
	V3	0.28 – 1.19	0.51 ^ab	0.66 ± 0.48

Species		City			Suburbs			Village

		2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
Cleptoparasites	Cacoxenus indagator Loew, 1858	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Chaetodactylus osmiae (Dufour, 1839)	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Chrysopidae sp.								+	+
Parasitoids	Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Parasitoids	Melittobia acasta^* (Walker, 1839)			+
Predators	Trichodes apiarius (Linnaeus, 1758)					+		+	+	+
	Raphidioptera sp.						+
	Birds (Picidae sp.)		+	+
Nest destroyers	Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)							+	+	+
	Ptinus fur (Linnaeus, 1758)						+
	Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Rhyparochromus vulgaris (Schilling, 1829)			+			+
	Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus, 1758	+	+			+		+
	Megatoma undata (Linnaeus, 1758)		+			+	+	+	+	+
	Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, 1813)	+				+			+	+
	Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli,1763)	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Cleptobionts	Camponotus fallax (Nylander,1846)	+						+

Accidental nest residents	Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758)		+	+		+		+
	Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758)+						+
	Megachile rotundata (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Coelioxys echinata^* (Foerster, 1853)									+
	Ancistrocerus parietum (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+				+		+
	Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus 1758)			+					+
	Psocoptera sp.	+		+	+		+	+		+
	Lepidoptera sp.					+		+

No. of species per year		9	9	10	5	10	10	12	11	14

Total no. of species in the area		15			16			20

Urbanization level	Habitat	Emergence rate (Eg)	Mean per tube			Population growth rate (Pg)	% of occupied tubes

			min-max	Total for site	Total for area

				Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
H	C1	96.33	5.4 – 8.3	6.9^* ± 3.2 ^ab	7.3 ± 3.6 ^A**	5.65	99.85
	C2	97.00	8.2 – 9.2	8.6 ± 3.4 ^ac
	C3	97.33	5.7 – 8.6	7.7 ± 4.2 ^abc
	C4	97.90	5.4 – 7.6	6.0 ± 3,5 ^a
M	S1	97.83	5.3 – 5.7	5.2 ± 3.1 ^c	6.2 ± 3.5 ^A	5.18	97.73
	S2	98.25	6.6 – 74	7.0 ± 3.8 ^abc
	S3	98.83	6.0 – 7.1	6.7 ± 3.5 ^abc
L	V1	98.08	6.0 – 9.0	7.0 ± 3.1 ^abc	7.4 ± 3.3 ^A	5.86	93.67
	V2	98.75	6.6 – 8.6	7.7 ± 3.7 ^ab
	V3	98.67	6.3 – 9.0	7.5 ± 3.1 ^ab