Fig. 1
Capitulum and floret phenology of Guizotia abyssinica. A) Capitulum: a-ray floret, b-opened disc florets, c-unopened disc florets; B) Floret bud of disc floret; C) Opened disc floret with anther dehiscence (arrow); D)Stigmatic lobes opening (arrow); E) Elongation of stigmatic surface (arrow).
Fig. 2
Pollen germination, nectar cavity and seed set in Guizotia abyssinica A) Nectar cavity (arrow) inside the tube; B) No seed set in capitulum; C) Seed set (arrow) in ray floret
Fig. 3
Floral biology of Niger, Guizotia abyssinica (* indicates peak).
Fig. 4
Abundance of Apis cerana and A. florea on Guizotia abyssinica throughout the sampling day.
Fig. 5
Time spent on Guizotia abyssinica by Apis cerana and A. florea: A) per floret; B) per capitulum.
Fig. 6
Nectar and bee visits variation in Guizotia abyssinica before and after stigma receptivity and at the time of stigma receptivity.
Table 1
Effect of different pollination treatments on seed set of Guizotia abyssinica
| Sl. No. | Pollination treatments | Seed set (%) |
|---|---|---|
| T1 | Selfing of floret | 00.00e |
| T2 | Selfing of capitulum | 00.00e |
| T3 | Pollination between capitula of same branch | 60.53±1.14d |
| T4 | Pollination between capitula of different branch | 65.66±0.84c |
| T5 | Pollination between capitula of different plant | 73.27±0.84b |
| T6 | Plant caged | 0.33±0.67e |
| T7 | Open pollination | 78.33±0.14a |
| F value | 4285.12 | |
| P value | <0.001 |
[i] Mean±SE followed by same letter do not differ statistically at P>0.05 (post hoc Tukey's HSD test following One-way ANOVA)
Fig. 7
Number of bee visits per capitulum (one, two, three, four, and five bee visits) in Guizotia abyssinica and corresponding seed set (%). A) Apis cerana visits; B) A. florea visits.
Supplementary Table 1
List of flower visitors recorded in G. abyssinica
| S.l.no | List of flower visitors | Family |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apis dorsata | Apidae |
| 2 | A. cerana | |
| 3 | A. florea | |
| 4 | Haplonomia westwoodi | |
| 5 | Lasioglossum sp1 | |
| 6 | Lasioglossum sp2 | |
| 7 | Seladonia sp | |
| 8 | Tetragonula iridipennis | |
| 9 | Xylocopa latipes | |
| 10 | X. ruficornis | |
| 11 | Megachile lerma | Megachilidae |
| 12 | M. cephalotes | |
| 13 | Campsomeris sp. | Scolidae |
| 14 | Eristalis arvorum | Syrphidae |
| 15 | Ischiodon sp. | |
| 16 | Tirumala limniace | Nymphalidae |
| 17 | Chrysippus sp. | |
| 18 | Pieris sp. | Pieridae |
Supplementary Fig. 1
Hallow tubes placed on the capitulum for floret self-pollination experiment within a capitulum.
Supplementary Fig. 2
Biplot of pollinators abundance and environmental variables; Minimum & Maximum Air Temperature (°C); RF- rain fall (mm); RH- relative humidity (%).