Fig. 1
Antimicrobial activity of the apple pomace phenolic extracts against P_ larvae and their toxicity on A_ mellifera
| Extract | MIC (μg/mL) | MNIC (μg/mL) | Polyphenols Total (μg gal. Ac./g DW) | % Mortality of A. mellifera | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 48 h | ||||
| Control | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| MR302 | 23 | 18 | 715.31 | 0 | 2 |
| MR192 | 20 | 15 | 2512.82 | 8 | 14 |
| MR290 | 79 | 53 | 3047.41 | 6 | 18 |
| MR300 | 105 | 83 | 3811.49 | 6 | 8 |
| MR296 | 43 | 28 | 4508.76 | 8 | 16 |
| MR254 | 125 | 100 | 4976.90 | 4 | 6 |
| MR256 | 150 | 95 | 6482.20 | 2 | 14 |
| MR246 | 29 | 23 | 7056.51 | 8 | 20 |
| MR248 | 106 | 71 | 11348.16 | 6 | 8 |
Samples of apple pomace from different apple varieties and provided by the Basque cider making industry_ The total polyphenols content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method (Ramirez-Ambrosi et al_, 2013)
| Nº | Sample | Apple varieties | Apple geographical origin | Type of press | Total polyphenols content (μg gal. ac. /g DW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MR302 | Tardive (bittervariety) | Asturias (Spain) | Traditional | 715.31 |
| 2 | MR192 | Jeptiska, Panenskeceske, Smiricke, Jonathan, Starkinson, Wagnerovo, Sudetskareneta, Ontario, Spartan | Czech Republic | Traditional | 2512.82 |
| 3 | MR290 | Durona, Raxao, Collaos and Regona | Asturias (Spain) | Neumatic | 3047.41 |
| 4 | MR300 | French varieties with acidic characteristics | France | Neumatic | 3811.49 |
| 5 | MR296 | Asturian varieties | Asturias (Spain) | Neumatic | 4508.76 |
| 6 | MR254 | 30–20% of Basque varieties and 70–80% Asturian varieties | Basque Country (Spain) | Neumatic | 4976.90 |
| 7 | MR256 | 30–20% of Basque varieties and 70–80% Asturian varieties | Basque Country (Spain) | Neumatic | 6482.20 |
| 8 | MR246 | 8% of French varieties and, 92% of Asturian varieties | France and / Asturias (Spain) | Traditional | 7056.51 |
| 9 | MR248 | 70% of Regona | Asturias (Spain) | Neumatic | 11348.16 |
Comparison of Survival Curves using the Mantel Cox test for each MIC analyzed in the A_ mellifera mortality test (p<0_05)
| Control | MR302 | MR192 | MR290 | MR300 | MR296 | MR254 | MR256 | MR246 | MR248 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 0 | |||||||||
| MR302 | 0.031* | 0 | ||||||||
| MR192 | 0.327 | 0.003** | 0 | |||||||
| MR290 | 0.229 | 0.001** | 0.825 | 0 | ||||||
| MR300 | 0.358 | 0.177 | 0.064 | 0.039* | 0 | |||||
| MR296 | 0.231 | 0.002** | 0.826 | >0.9999 | 0.040* | 0 | ||||
| MR254 | 0.555 | 0.099 | 0.121 | 0.076 | 0.736 | 0.078 | 0 | |||
| MR256 | 0.788 | 0.016* | 0.467 | 0.339 | 0.237 | 0.343 | 0.388 | 0 | ||
| MR246 | 0.013* | <0.0001*** | 0.118 | 0.175 | 0.001** | 0.177 | 0.003** | 0.023* | 0 | |
| MR248 | >0.999 | 0.031* | 0.327 | 0.229 | 0.358 | 0.231 | 0.555 | 0.788 | 0.013* | 0 |