Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Heterogeneous effects: Regressions by ability level
| Dep Var: Prob. to Enroll at University | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | −0.068* (0.041) | −0.071* (0.041) | −0.071* (0.043) | −0.071* (0.041) | −0.092** (0.043) |
| Top 50% in ability distribution | 0.010 (0.009) | 0.010 (0.009) | |||
| Top 50% × Prop. of peers with C feedback | 0.001 (0.121) | ||||
| Bottom 25% in ability distribution | −0.081*** (0.009) | −0.090*** (0.011) | |||
| Top 25% in ability distribution | −0.079*** (0.009) | −0.082*** (0.009) | |||
| Bottom 25% × Prop. of peers with C feedback | 0.023 (0.014) | ||||
| Top 25% × Prop. of peers with C feedback | 0.048* (0.026) | ||||
| Individual characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| N | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 |
| R2 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 |
| P-value F-test | 0.033 | ||||
Placebo regressions
| Dep. Var: Probability to Enroll at University | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peer mean computed in | ||||
| year t+1 (1) | year t+1 (2) | year t+2 (3) | year t+2 (4) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | −0.029 (0.048) | −0.048 (0.051) | −0.054 (0.049) | −0.056 (0.053) |
| Individual characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| 14,402 | 14,402 | 13,544 | 13,544 | |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.508 | 0.508 | 0.505 | 0.505 |
Randomization check of high school class assignment
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent Significant at the | Mean P-value | |||
| 10% level | 5% level | 1% level | ||
| Age | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.42 |
| Male | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.47 |
| Low social background | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.48 |
| Optional courses in h-school | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.45 |
| Held back in h-school | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.47 |
| French Nationality | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.44 |
Balancing tests for the proportion of peers with C feedback
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | |||
| Age | 0.013 (0.062) | −0.060 (0.069) | 0.035 (0.079) |
| Male | 0.352*** (0.040) | 0.157*** (0.052) | 0.087 (0.067) |
| Low soc. background | −0.068*** (0.032) | −0.040 (0.033) | −0.034 (0.046) |
| Mean grade in h-school | −0.054*** (0.020) | 0.034 (0.025) | 0.027 (0.028) |
| Optional course in h-school | −0.103*** (0.050) | −0.060 (0.054) | −0.016 (0.050) |
| Held back in h-school | 0.058*** (0.026) | 0.004 (0.028) | 0.005 (0.034) |
| French nationality | 0.002 (0.018) | 0.041* (0.025) | 0.021 (0.033) |
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ||
| Observations | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 |
Heterogeneous effects: Regressions by gender and by social background
| Panel A : Dep. Var: Prob. to Enroll | |||||
| Male | Female | All | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | −0.122* (0.070) | −0.034 (0.063) | |||
| Prop. of male peers with C feedback | −0.110** (0.054) | −0.013 (0.035) | |||
| Prop. of female peers with C feedback | −0.032 (0.035) | −0.035 (0.045) | |||
| Prop. of same gender peers with C feedback | −0.044* (0.024) | ||||
| Prop. of other gender peers with C feedback | −0.028 (0.024) | ||||
| Individual Characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Peers Characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Observations | 7,891 | 7,891 | 11,290 | 11,290 | 19,181 |
| R2 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.022 |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.509 | 0.509 | 0.506 | 0.506 | 0.507 |
| Panel B: Dep. Var.: Prob. to Enroll | |||||
| Low social background | High social background | All | |||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Prop of peers with C feedback | −0.105* (0.062) | −0.027 (0.050) | |||
| Prop of low soc. back. peers with C feedback | −0.053* (0.029) | 0.021 (0.021) | |||
| Prop of high soc. back. peers with C feedback | −0.053 (0.044) | −0.019 (0.039) | |||
| Prop of same soc. back. peers with C feedback | −0.034 (0.022) | ||||
| Prop of other soc. back. peers with C feedback | 0.002 (0.018) | ||||
| Individual characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Observations | 5,068 | 5,068 | 14,113 | 14,113 | 19,181 |
| R2 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.022 |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.535 | 0.535 | 0.497 | 0.497 | 0.507 |
Decomposition of the variance in peer group-level means
| Total peer mean Variance | Within h-school Majors (%) | Between h-school Majors (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enrollment | 0.09 | 46.48 | 53.52 |
| C feedback | 0.02 | 62.66 | 37.34 |
| Age | 0.76 | 8.82 | 91.18 |
| Male | 0.06 | 65.89 | 34.11 |
| Low soc. background | 0.03 | 60.21 | 39.79 |
| Mean score in h-school | 1.26 | 55.60 | 44.40 |
| Elective class in h-school | 0.09 | 47.06 | 52.94 |
| Held-back in h-school | 0.02 | 61.31 | 38.69 |
| French nationality | 0.04 | 17.86 | 82.14 |
OA policy and enrollment
| Panel A: individual feedback | ||||
| A or B Feedback | C Feedback | |||
| Enrollment | 0.51 | 0.47 | ||
| (0.01) | (0.01) | |||
| Panel B: peers’ feedback | ||||
| Share of peers with C feedback | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 |
| Enrollment | 0.69 | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.35 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
Regression of individual enrollment on the share of peers with a C feedback
| Dep. Var: Probability to Enroll at University | |
|---|---|
| (1) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | 0.350 (0.104) |
| Prop.2 | −2.513 (0.325) |
| Prop.3 | 1.892 (0.235) |
| Observations | 19,181 |
| R-squared | 0.024 |
Regressions of individual enrollment on peers with C feedback from university application
| Dep. Var: Probability to enroll at university | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | −0.153*** (0.048) | −0.094** (0.037) | −0.095** (0.037) | −0.055 (0.040) | −0.065 (0.041) | −0.068* (0.041) |
| Individual characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Major-by-high-school-by-year fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Observations | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 |
| R2 | 0.001 | 0.067 | 0.073 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.023 |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 |
Descriptive statistics
| Panel A: Individual characteristics | |||||
| Mean | St. Dev. | Min. | Max. | Obs. | |
| Age | 18.04 | 1.03 | 16.69 | 23.18 | 19,181 |
| Male | 0.41 | 0.49 | 19,181 | ||
| French nationality | 0.92 | 0.25 | 19,181 | ||
| Mean grade in h-school | 11.81 | 2.06 | 3.25 | 19.33 | 19,181 |
| Held back in h-school | 0.07 | 0.26 | 19,181 | ||
| Low social background | 0.14 | 0.35 | 19,181 | ||
| High achievers | 0.32 | 0.46 | 19,181 | ||
| Major in h-school: economics | 0.44 | 0.49 | 19,181 | ||
| Major in h-school: sciences | 0.37 | 0.48 | 19,181 | ||
| Major in h-school: literature | 0.18 | 0.38 | 19,181 | ||
| Public h-school | 0.81 | 0.38 | 19,181 | ||
| C feedback at univ. application | 0.27 | 0.30 | 19,181 | ||
| Enrolled at university | 0.50 | 0.50 | 19,181 | ||
| Panel B: High School Class Mean Characteristics | |||||
| Quantile | |||||
| Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max | |
| Mean class age | 18.05 | 18.16 | 18.38 | 18.53 | 19.33 |
| Class share of males | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.70 |
| Class share of French | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Class size | 22 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 35 |
| Mean class grade | 10.10 | 11.25 | 11.79 | 12.29 | 14.17 |
| Class share held back | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.38 |
| Class share of low soc. back. | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
| Class share high achievers | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.92 |
| Class share enrolled at university | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.87 | 1.00 |
| Class share observed | 0.62 | 0.77 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Heterogeneous effects: Regressions by number of observed peers
| Dep Var: Prob. to Enroll at University | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Prop. of peers with C feedback | −0.068* (0.041) | −0.080 (0.051) | −0.061 (0.042) | −0.075* (0.043) |
| Nb of obs. peers above the median | −0.002 (0.013) | |||
| Prop. of obs. peers with C feedback × Above median | 0.044 (0.081) | |||
| Total class observed | −0.021 (0.022) | |||
| Prop. of obs. peers with C feedback × Total Class | −0.057 (0.188) | |||
| Prop. obs. peers >80% | −0.014 (0.016) | |||
| Prop. of obs. peers with C feedback × Observed peers >80% | 0.087 (0.051) | |||
| Individual characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Peers characteristics | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Major-by-high-school fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| N | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 | 19,181 |
| R2 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.023 |
| Mean dep. var. | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 | 0.507 |