The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean countries: Gender Differentials in Labor Market Dynamics

Mariana Viollaz; Mauricio Salazar-Saenz; Luca Flabbi; Monserrat Bustelo; Mariano Bosch

doi:10.2478/izajodm-2023-0006

Figures & Tables

Female and Male employment rates and Gender Gap over Time.Source: PNADC for Brazil, ENE for Chile, ENCFT for the Dominican Republic, and ENOE and ENOE-N for Mexico.Note: Employment rates in percentage. The gender gap is calculated as the male minus the female employment rates and is expressed in percentage points.

Labor market transitions: Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Women.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.

Labor market transition matrices Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Men.Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.

Labor Market Stocks.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (1)); Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.

Labor Market Stocks by Quarter.Note:: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (B.1)); F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K (δk in equation (B.1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.

Labor Market Flows.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (2)); Rτ ×Fi denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (2)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.

Labor Market Flows by Quarter.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.

Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.

Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6

Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age.Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.

Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.Notes:Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6.

Labor Market Stocks by Education.Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.

Labor Market Flows by Education.Note: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.

Labor Market Stocks and Flows by Job TypeNote: Employment denotes dependent variable =1 if employed. Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with a given job type with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with a given job type with respect to men. Formal, Informal, Self-Employed denotes that the state of employment of reference is, respectively, in a formal job, an informal job or as self-employed. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.8.

Attrition rates in Brazil and Mexico

Panel ID	Panel	t1–t2	t2–t3	t3–t4	t4–t5	Average

		Brazil
1	2017Q1–2018Q1	12%	9%	9%	8%	10%
2	2017Q2–2018Q2	12%	10%	8%	10%	10%
3	2017Q3–2018Q3	13%	10%	10%	8%	10%
4	2017Q4–2018Q4	12%	10%	8%	8%	10%
5	2018Q1–2019Q1	12%	10%	9%	8%	10%
6	2018Q2–2019Q2	13%	10%	9%	8%	10%
7	2018Q3–2019Q3	13%	10%	9%	10%	10%
8	2018Q4–2019Q4	13%	10%	12%	10%	11%
9	2019Q1–2020Q1	13%	13%	11%	12%	12%
10	2019Q2–2020Q2	16%	13%	14%	16%	15%
11	2019Q3–2020Q3	14%	15%	18%	10%	14%
12	2019Q4–2020Q4	19%	20%	11%	9%	15%
13	2020Q1–2021Q1	25%	12%	11%	.	16%

		Mexico

1	2017Q1–2018Q1	7%	6%	4%	4%	5%
2	2017Q2–2018Q2
3	2017Q3–2018Q3	7%	6%	4%	4%	5%
4	2017Q4–2018Q4	7%	5%	4%	3%	5%
5	2018Q1–2019Q1	7%	5%	5%	3%	5%
6	2018Q2–2019Q2
7	2018Q3–2019Q3	7%	5%	3%	3%	5%
8	2018Q4–2019Q4	7%	5%	5%	3%	5%
9	2019Q1–2020Q1	7%	6%	4%	3%	5%
10	2019Q2–2020Q2
11	2019Q3–2020Q3	7%	5%	.	48%	20%
12	2019Q4–2020Q4	8%	.	49%	18%	25%
13	2020Q1–2021Q1	.	52%	21%	.	36%

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests

	Brazil		Chile		Dom. Rep.		Mexico

	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)
Panel A. LFP
Female	−0.188 (0.001)***	−0.202 (0.001)***	−0.208 (0.003)***	−0.209 (0.003)***	−0.236 (0.006)***	−0.253 (0.006)***	−0.316 (0.002)***	−0.314 (0.002)***
Post	−0.039 (0.002)***	−0.049 (0.002)***	−0.062 (0.005)***	−0.053 (0.006)***	−0.036 (0.005)***	−0.032 (0.007)***	−0.041 (0.003)***	−0.043 (0.003)***
Female*Post	−0.012 (0.003)***	−0.013 (0.003)***	−0.038 (0.008)***	−0.036 (0.008)***	−0.031 (0.009)***	−0.032 (0.009)***	0.003 (0.005)	0.004 (0.005)
Observations	1,184,271	1,184,271	221,542	221,542	63,488	63,488	674,409	674,409
R−squared	0.053	0.118	0.070	0.101	0.096	0.118	0.136	0.163

Panel B. Employment
Female	−0.193 (0.002)***	−0.212 (0.001)***	−0.202 (0.003)***	−0.206 (0.003)***	−0.255 (0.006)***	−0.273 (0.007)***	−0.306 (0.002)***	−0.306 (0.002)***
Post	−0.050 (0.002)***	−0.067 (0.002)***	−0.088 (0.006)***	−0.077 (0.007)***	−0.040 (0.005)***	−0.046 (0.007)***	−0.060 (0.003)***	−0.060 (0.004)***
Female*Post	−0.011 (0.004)***	−0.012 (0.003)***	−0.021 (0.009)**	−0.019 (0.009)**	−0.022 (0.010)**	−0.022 (0.010)**	0.015 (0.005)***	0.015 (0.005)***
Observations	1,184,271	1,184,271	221,542	221,542	63,488	63,488	674,409	674,409
R−squared	0.047	0.107	0.057	0.086	0.097	0.117	0.119	0.143

Panel C. Job loss
Female	0.033 (0.002)***	0.051 (0.002)***	0.039 (0.005)***	0.038 (0.004)***	0.049 (0.008)***	0.054 (0.008)***	0.141 (0.003)***	0.136 (0.003)***
Post	0.030 (0.003)***	0.048 (0.005)***	0.232 (0.012)***	0.091 (0.025)***	0.073 (0.007)***	0.079 (0.016)***	0.032 (0.004)***	0.020 (0.006)***
Female*Post	0.030 (0.004)***	0.029 (0.004)***	0.036 (0.017)**	0.005 (0.012)	0.038 (0.013)***	0.035 (0.012)***	−0.013 (0.007)*	−0.011 (0.007)
Observations	178,649	178,649	24,770	24,770	10,550	10,550	82,087	82,087
R-squared	0.007	0.079	0.053	0.457	0.032	0.070	0.034	0.103

Panel D. Job gain
Female	−0.178 (0.005)***	−0.191 (0.004)***	−0.220 (0.012)***	−0.165 (0.011)***	−0.261 (0.033)***	−0.268 (0.033)***	−0.278 (0.009)***	−0.277 (0.009)***
Post	−0.214 (0.007)***	−0.180 (0.010)***	−0.022 (0.028)	−0.187 (0.035)***	−0.114 (0.042)***	−0.032 (0.060)	−0.187 (0.018)***	−0.189 (0.021)***
Female*Post	0.060 (0.008)***	0.061 (0.008)***	−0.013 (0.032)	0.050 (0.025)**	0.025 (0.044)	0.021 (0.043)	0.084 (0.019)***	0.086 (0.019)***
Observations	73,562	73,562	9,956	9,956	3,017	3,017	29,008	29,008
R-squared	0.056	0.100	0.039	0.336	0.066	0.105	0.046	0.064

Comparison of demographic characteristics between different samples

	All		All in panel + All who attrited		All in panel

	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Brazil
Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age	39.61	39.22	39.52	39.13	40.72	40.33
Low educ level	0.32	0.39	0.32	0.39	0.31	0.38
Medium educ level	0.44	0.44	0.44	0.44	0.44	0.44
High educ level	0.24	0.18	0.24	0.18	0.25	0.18
At least one kid 0–5	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.24
At least one kid 6–12	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.30
At least one kid 13–17	0.27	0.23	0.26	0.22	0.27	0.23
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age	39.73	39.38	39.63	39.29	40.62	40.36
Low educ level	0.29	0.36	0.30	0.37	0.26	0.33
Medium educ level	0.45	0.45	0.44	0.44	0.45	0.45
High educ level	0.26	0.19	0.26	0.19	0.29	0.22
At least one kid 0–5	0.25	0.24	0.25	0.24	0.23	0.23
At least one kid 6–12	0.33	0.29	0.33	0.28	0.33	0.29
At least one kid 13–17	0.26	0.22	0.25	0.21	0.26	0.22

Mexico

Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age	39.37	38.99	39.33	38.92	40.05	39.66
Low educ level	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.16	0.16	0.16
Medium educ level	0.54	0.53	0.54	0.53	0.55	0.54
High educ level	0.29	0.31	0.29	0.31	0.28	0.29
At least one kid 0–5	0.30	0.29	0.30	0.29	0.29	0.28
At least one kid 6–12	0.41	0.36	0.40	0.36	0.41	0.37
At least one kid 13–17	0.32	0.28	0.32	0.28	0.33	0.30
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020 Q4
Age	39.53	39.14	39.39	39.06	40.02	39.57
Low educ level	0.15	0.16	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Medium educ level	0.55	0.54	0.55	0.54	0.56	0.54
High educ level	0.30	0.31	0.30	0.31	0.29	0.30
At least one kid 0–5	0.29	0.27	0.29	0.28	0.28	0.26
At least one kid 6–12	0.40	0.35	0.40	0.35	0.40	0.36
At least one kid 13–17	0.32	0.27	0.31	0.27	0.32	0.28

Dominican Republic

Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age	38.30	38.02			40.12	39.54
Low educ level	0.32	0.40			0.33	0.43
Medium educ level	0.41	0.43			0.41	0.41
High educ level	0.27	0.17			0.26	0.16
At least one kid 0–5	0.37	0.32			0.33	0.30
At least one kid 6–12	0.45	0.34			0.47	0.35
At least one kid 13–17	0.35	0.26			0.38	0.28
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age	38.36	38.09			39.90	39.48
Low educ level	0.29	0.39			0.31	0.42
Medium educ level	0.44	0.45			0.43	0.43
High educ level	0.27	0.17			0.26	0.15
At least one kid 0–5	0.35	0.31			0.35	0.31
At least one kid 6–12	0.43	0.32			0.47	0.35
At least one kid 13–17	0.32	0.23			0.36	0.27

Chile

Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1
Age	40.07	39.63			41.72	41.72
Low educ level	0.18	0.20			0.24	0.27
Medium educ level	0.46	0.46			0.46	0.46
High educ level	0.36	0.34			0.31	0.27
At least one kid 0–5	0.30	0.26			0.28	0.24
At least one kid 6–12	0.39	0.31			0.39	0.31
At least one kid 13–17	0.29	0.23			0.30	0.23
During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4
Age	40.21	39.65			41.92	41.40
Low educ level	0.17	0.18			0.17	0.18
Medium educ level	0.46	0.46			0.46	0.45
High educ level	0.38	0.36			0.37	0.37
At least one kid 0–5	0.29	0.25			0.24	0.22
At least one kid 6–12	0.39	0.31			0.38	0.33
At least one kid 13–17	0.29	0.22			0.31	0.23

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Women

		Brazil

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.82	0.06	0.02	0.04	0.06	Initial:	Formal	0.80	0.03	0.01	0.05	0.10
	Informal	0.24	0.41	0.08	0.10	0.17		Informal	0.14	0.37	0.05	0.14	0.30
	Self-emp	0.08	0.07	0.61	0.06	0.19		Self-emp	0.04	0.03	0.56	0.07	0.29
	Unemp	0.17	0.14	0.09	0.25	0.35		Unemp	0.12	0.06	0.05	0.32	0.44
	OLF	0.05	0.07	0.09	0.11	0.69		OLF	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.08	0.81

		Chile

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.86	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.05	Initial:	Formal	0.80	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.13
	Informal	0.25	0.35	0.14	0.08	0.18		Informal	0.14	0.10	0.12	0.15	0.49
	Self-emp	0.07	0.10	0.54	0.04	0.25		Self-emp	0.03	0.04	0.31	0.07	0.54
	Unemp	0.25	0.12	0.11	0.18	0.34		Unemp	0.14	0.06	0.05	0.17	0.58
	OLF	0.07	0.06	0.11	0.08	0.68		OLF	0.04	0.03	0.09	0.08	0.76

		Dominican Republic

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.91	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	Initial:	Formal	0.86	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.08
	Informal	0.13	0.66	0.02	0.06	0.13		Informal	0.11	0.53	0.04	0.04	0.27
	Self-emp	0.03	0.03	0.79	0.02	0.13		Self-emp	0.03	0.05	0.64	0.01	0.26
	Unemp	0.13	0.16	0.08	0.16	0.47		Unemp	0.11	0.06	0.06	0.11	0.66
	OLF	0.04	0.08	0.11	0.07	0.70		OLF	0.02	0.05	0.08	0.04	0.82

		Mexico

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.77	0.09	0.02	0.02	0.10	Initial:	Formal	0.77	0.06	0.02	0.03	0.12
	Informal	0.19	0.44	0.08	0.03	0.25		Informal	0.15	0.39	0.08	0.05	0.33
	Self-emp	0.05	0.13	0.43	0.02	0.37		Self-emp	0.04	0.10	0.42	0.03	0.42
	Unemp	0.23	0.18	0.08	0.10	0.41		Unemp	0.20	0.15	0.06	0.07	0.52
	OLF	0.06	0.11	0.12	0.04	0.67		OLF	0.06	0.07	0.09	0.03	0.74

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters

	Brazil		Chile		Dom. Rep.		Mexico

	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)
Panel A. LFP
Female*Q1P	−0.007 (0.003)**	−0.008 (0.003)***	−0.033 (0.009)***	−0.031 (0.009)***	−0.028 (0.010)***	−0.029 (0.010)***
Female*Q2P	−0.019 (0.004)***	−0.020 (0.004)***	−0.045 (0.009)***	−0.043 (0.009)***	−0.041 (0.010)***	−0.041 (0.010)***	0.001 (0.006)	0.001 (0.005)
Female*Q3P	−0.011 (0.005)**	−0.013 (0.004)***	−0.036 (0.011)***	−0.036 (0.010)***	−0.023 (0.012)*	−0.023 (0.012)*	0.007 (0.007)	0.008 (0.007)
Observations	1,184,271	1,184,271	221,542	221,542	63,488	63,488	674,409	674,409
R-squared	0.054	0.118	0.070	0.101	0.097	0.118	0.136	0.163

Panel B. Employment
Female*Q1P	−0.002 (0.004)	−0.003 (0.003)	−0.019 (0.010)*	−0.017 (0.010)*	−0.007 (0.010)	−0.008 (0.010)
Female*Q2P	−0.018 (0.004)***	−0.019 (0.004)***	−0.019 (0.010)*	−0.017 (0.010)*	−0.032 (0.011)***	−0.032 (0.011)***	0.011 (0.006)*	0.011 (0.006)*
Female*Q3P	−0.017 (0.005)***	−0.019 (0.005)***	−0.027 (0.012)**	−0.026 (0.011)**	−0.032 (0.013)**	−0.032 (0.013)**	0.021 (0.007)***	0.021 (0.007)***
Observations	1,184,271	1,184,271	221,542	221,542	63,488	63,488	674,409	674,409
R−squared	0.047	0.107	0.057	0.086	0.098	0.117	0.119	0.143

Panel C. Job loss
Female*Q1P	0.022 (0.003)***	0.022 (0.003)***	0.038 (0.010)***	0.036 (0.009)***	0.034 (0.009)***	0.032 (0.009)***
Female*Q2P	0.019 (0.003)***	0.018 (0.003)***	−0.005 (0.007)	−0.008 (0.007)	0.015 (0.007)**	0.013 (0.007)*	0.064 (0.007)***	0.065 (0.007)***
Female*Q3P	−0.009 (0.002)***	−0.009 (0.002)***	−0.024 (0.006)***	−0.027 (0.006)***	−0.015 (0.006)**	−0.017 (0.006)***	−0.026 (0.007)***	−0.025 (0.007)***
Observations	411,231	411,231	80,113	80,113	24,913	24,913	148,678	148,678
R−squared	0.008	0.036	0.020	0.057	0.027	0.042	0.023	0.050

Panel D. Job gain
Female*Q1P	0.013 (0.005)**	0.013 (0.005)**	−0.012 (0.020)	−0.012 (0.020)	−0.077 (0.031)**	−0.078 (0.031)**
Female*Q2P	0.026 (0.006)***	0.026 (0.006)***	0.059 (0.017)***	0.059 (0.017)***	0.072 (0.026)***	0.071 (0.025)***	−0.083 (0.021)***	−0.084 (0.021)***
Female*Q3P	0.043 (0.006)***	0.042 (0.006)***	0.032 (0.019)*	0.032 (0.019)*	0.076 (0.027)***	0.075 (0.026)***	0.078 (0.021)***	0.078 (0.021)***
Observations	168,773	168,773	29,463	29,463	7,197	7,197	52,818	52,818
R−squared	0.019	0.049	0.020	0.063	0.034	0.049	0.015	0.052

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by level of education

	Brazil			Chile			Dom. Rep.			Mexico

	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A. LFP
Female	−0.285 (0.003)***	−0.200 (0.002)***	−0.068 (0.002)***	−0.280 (0.011)***	−0.278 (0.004)***	−0.113 (0.004)***	−0.303 (0.011)***	−0.268 (0.009)***	−0.121 (0.011)***	−0.380 (0.004)***	−0.372 (0.002)***	−0.163 (0.003)***
Post	−0.057 (0.004)***	−0.043 (0.003)***	−0.027 (0.004)***	−0.077 (0.019)***	−0.049 (0.008)***	−0.044 (0.008)***	−0.031 (0.009)***	−0.035 (0.008)***	−0.029 (0.013)**	−0.050 (0.009)***	−0.038 (0.004)***	−0.042 (0.005)***
Female*Post	−0.017 (0.006)***	−0.030 (0.004)***	−0.017 (0.005)***	−0.054 (0.027)**	−0.051 (0.012)***	−0.029 (0.011)***	−0.021 (0.016)	−0.055 (0.014)***	−0.009 (0.017)	0.014 (0.014)	−0.002 (0.007)	−0.002 (0.009)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R−squared		0.127			0.111			0.125			0.176

Panel B. Employment
Female	−0.280 (0.003)***	−0.219 (0.002)***	−0.081 (0.003)***	−0.276 (0.011)***	−0.272 (0.005)***	−0.113 (0.005)***	−0.321 (0.011)***	−0.294 (0.010)***	−0.131 (0.013)***	−0.370 (0.005)***	−0.364 (0.002)***	−0.156 (0.003)***
Post	−0.078 (0.004)***	−0.063 (0.003)***	−0.041 (0.004)***	−0.127 (0.021)***	−0.071 (0.009)***	−0.066 (0.009)***	−0.036 (0.009)***	−0.060 (0.010)***	−0.036 (0.015)**	−0.074 (0.010)***	−0.055 (0.005)***	−0.058 (0.006)***
Female*Post	−0.016 (0.007)**	−0.031 (0.005)***	−0.011 (0.006)*	−0.010 (0.028)	−0.041 (0.013)***	−0.010 (0.013)	−0.022 (0.016)	−0.027 (0.015)*	−0.015 (0.020)	0.032 (0.015)**	0.008 (0.007)	0.010 (0.010)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R−squared		0.113			0.094			0.124			0.154

Panel C. Job loss
Female	0.065 (0.004)***	0.055 (0.003)***	0.024 (0.003)***	0.074 (0.016)***	0.047 (0.006)***	0.021 (0.006)***	0.067 (0.015)***	0.049 (0.012)***	0.040 (0.014)***	0.186 (0.009)***	0.169 (0.004)***	0.060 (0.004)***
Post	0.053 (0.006)***	0.048 (0.005)***	0.039 (0.006)***	0.226 (0.038)***	0.071 (0.026)***	0.082 (0.026)***	0.063 (0.018)***	0.093 (0.019)***	0.079 (0.023)***	0.029 (0.012)**	0.022 (0.007)***	0.012 (0.009)
Female*Post	0.052 (0.009)***	0.041 (0.006)***	0.012 (0.006)**	−0.088 (0.041)**	0.056 (0.019)***	−0.013 (0.016)	0.039 (0.023)*	0.060 (0.020)***	−0.007 (0.023)	−0.013 (0.020)	−0.020 (0.009)**	0.009 (0.011)
Observations		178,649			24,770			10,550			82,087
R-squared		0.080			0.459			0.072			0.107

Panel D. Job gain
Female	−0.198 (0.006)***	−0.210 (0.007)***	−0.102 (0.013)***	−0.081 (0.026)***	−0.236 (0.016)***	−0.117 (0.018)***	−0.252 (0.050)***	−0.293 (0.053)***	−0.258 (0.077)***	−0.191 (0.019)***	−0.335 (0.013)***	−0.250 (0.017)***
Post	−0.158 (0.012)***	−0.210 (0.014)***	−0.173 (0.021)***	−0.089 (0.058)	−0.207 (0.044)***	−0.217 (0.042)***	−0.085 (0.073)	0.063 (0.082)	−0.079 (0.102)	−0.186 (0.038)***	−0.167 (0.028)***	−0.233 (0.034)***
Female*Post	0.051 (0.011)***	0.086 (0.012)***	0.035 (0.022)	−0.042 (0.058)	0.101 (0.039)***	0.005 (0.038)	0.070 (0.064)	−0.092 (0.072)	0.132 (0.099)	0.076 (0.040)*	0.061 (0.027)**	0.141 (0.036)***
Observations		73,562			9,956			3,017			29,008
R-squared		0.102			0.340			0.112			0.066

Descriptive Statistics by Gender and Pandemic Period

	Brazil		Chile		Dom. Rep.		Mexico

	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men
Pre-pandemic period
Demographics
Age	40.18	39.69	40.99	40.12	39.54	38.82	39.97	39.36
0–8 years of educ	0.32	0.38	0.12	0.11	0.33	0.43	0.17	0.16
9–13 years of educ	0.44	0.44	0.47	0.47	0.41	0.42	0.56	0.55
14+ years of educ	0.25	0.18	0.41	0.42	0.26	0.15	0.28	0.29
At least one children 0–5	0.25	0.24	0.30	0.26	0.36	0.31	0.30	0.29
At least one children 6–12	0.33	0.30	0.38	0.30	0.48	0.36	0.42	0.38
At least one children 13–17	0.27	0.23	0.30	0.24	0.38	0.29	0.34	0.29
Employment
Employee formal	0.41	0.50	0.47	0.66	0.34	0.40	0.35	0.58
Employee informal	0.09	0.09	0.07	0.07	0.15	0.09	0.15	0.20
Self employed	0.12	0.23	0.11	0.13	0.16	0.43	0.10	0.13
Unemployed	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.06	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.03
OLF	0.30	0.11	0.29	0.09	0.30	0.06	0.38	0.06

Observations	476,332	387,872	103,131	78,477	15,455	13,748	227,556	178,745
Individuals	102,085	83,159	22,041	16,775	3,333	2,961	49,851	39,169
Quarters	4.67	4.66	4.68	4.68	4.64	4.64	4.56	4.56

Post-pandemic period
Demographics
Age	40.14	39.76	41.14	40.56	39.89	39.12	40.03	39.38
0–8 years of educ	0.27	0.34	0.10	0.10	0.31	0.43	0.15	0.15
9–13 years of educ	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.43	0.42	0.42	0.56	0.55
14+ years of educ	0.28	0.21	0.45	0.46	0.27	0.15	0.29	0.30
At least one children 0–5	0.24	0.24	0.25	0.22	0.36	0.32	0.28	0.27
At least one children 6–12	0.33	0.29	0.39	0.33	0.46	0.36	0.40	0.36
At least one children 13–17	0.26	0.21	0.30	0.24	0.37	0.29	0.33	0.28
Employment
Employee formal	0.40	0.50	0.45	0.67	0.34	0.40	0.35	0.56
Employee informal	0.09	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.14	0.08	0.13	0.19
Self employed	0.12	0.23	0.09	0.09	0.15	0.42	0.10	0.13
Unemployed	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.07	0.04	0.02	0.02	0.04
OLF	0.31	0.12	0.36	0.12	0.33	0.08	0.39	0.08

Observations	175,873	144,194	23,840	16,094	18,286	15,999	45,155	36,363
Individuals	36,829	30,223	5,343	3,603	3,877	3,396	12,302	9,935
Quarters	4.78	4.77	4.46	4.47	4.72	4.71	3.67	3.66

Sample Size by Panels Periods and Countries

Panel ID	Panel Period		Observations

			Brazil	Chile	Dom. Rep.	Mexico
1	2017Q1–2017Q4	Observations	85,728	24,012	2,784	49,496
		Individuals	21,432	6,003	696	12,374
		Quarters	4	4	4	4
2	2017Q2–2018Q2	Observations	104,560	30,010	3,465	−
		Individuals	20,912	6,002	693
		Quarters	5	5	5
3	2017Q3–2018Q3	Observations	104,165	30,175	3,645	61,160
		Individuals	20,833	6,035	729	12,232
		Quarters	5	5	5	5
4	2017Q4–2018Q4	Observations	104,345	30,415	2,730	63,725
		Individuals	20,869	6,083	546	12,745
		Quarters	5	5	5	5
5	2018Q1–2018Q4	Observations	85,084	24,960	3,028	50,820
		Individuals	21,271	6,240	757	12,705
		Quarters	4	4	4	4
6	2018Q2–2019Q2	Observations	102,350	25,925	3,635	−
		Individuals	20,470	5,185	727
		Quarters	5	5	5
7	2018Q3–2019Q3	Observations	102,695	10,210	3,695	64,010
		Individuals	20,539	2,042	739	12,802
		Quarters	5	5	5	5
8	2018Q4–2019Q4	Observations	98,025	4,985	2,965	62,210
		Individuals	19,605	997	593	12,442
		Quarters	5	5	5	5
9	2019Q1–2019Q4	Observations	77,252	916	3,256	54,880
		Individuals	19,313	229	814	13,720
		Quarters	4	4	4	4
10	2019Q2–2020Q2	Observations	87,235	3,365	6,325	−
		Individuals	17,447	673	1,265
		Quarters	5	5	5
11	2019Q3–2020Q3	Observations	88,260	9,365	8,765	32,340
		Individuals	17,652	1,873	1,753	8,085
		Quarters	5	5	5	4
12	2019Q4–2020Q4	Observations	83,800	8,020	10,875	26,888
		Individuals	16,760	1,604	2,175	6,722
		Quarters	5	5	5	4
13	2020Q1–2020Q4	Observations	60,772	19,184	8,320	22,290
		Individuals	15,193	4,796	2,080	7,430
		Quarters	4	4	4	3

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by type of employment

	Brazil			Chile			Dom. Rep.			Mexico

	Formal WE	Informal WE	SE	Formal WE	Informal WE	SE	Formal WE	Informal WE	SE	Formal WE	Informal WE	SE

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A. Employment
Female	−0.006 (0.002)***	0.070 (0.001)***	−0.064 (0.002)***	−0.056 (0.004)***	0.031 (0.002)***	0.026 (0.003)***	−0.006 (0.010)	0.177 (0.007)***	−0.171 (0.009)***	−0.073 (0.002)***	0.044 (0.002)***	0.030 (0.002)***
Post	0.016 (0.003)***	−0.007 (0.002)***	−0.009 (0.003)***	0.031 (0.006)***	−0.011 (0.004)***	−0.020 (0.006)***	−0.019 (0.008)**	−0.002 (0.007)	0.021 (0.008)***	−0.010 (0.005)**	0.005 (0.004)	0.005 (0.004)
Female*Post	0.011 (0.004)**	−0.012 (0.003)***	0.001 (0.004)	−0.005 (0.009)	−0.012 (0.005)**	0.017 (0.008)**	0.028 (0.013)**	−0.028 (0.010)***	−0.000 (0.013)	0.032 (0.007)***	−0.031 (0.006)***	−0.001 (0.006)
Observations	836,760	836,760	836,760	162,027	162,027	162,027	48,529	48,529	48,529	496,498	496,498	496,498
R-squared	0.100	0.073	0.042	0.048	0.023	0.031	0.154	0.078	0.126	0.126	0.087	0.031

Panel B. Job loss
Female	0.028 (0.002)***	0.065 (0.007)***	0.105 (0.005)***	0.019 (0.004)***	0.062 (0.016)***	0.112 (0.013)***	0.015 (0.009)*	0.128 (0.022)***	0.102 (0.017)***	0.071 (0.003)***	0.201 (0.007)***	0.297 (0.009)***
Post	0.033 (0.005)***	0.061 (0.011)***	0.077 (0.007)***	0.058 (0.025)**	0.265 (0.044)***	0.216 (0.035)***	0.079 (0.018)***	0.126 (0.030)***	0.067 (0.018)***	0.004 (0.006)	0.057 (0.012)***	0.038 (0.014)***
Female*Post	0.023 (0.004)***	0.087 (0.014)***	0.018 (0.009)*	0.009 (0.013)	−0.048 (0.046)	−0.038 (0.032)	−0.001 (0.015)	0.058 (0.037)	0.057 (0.026)**	0.001 (0.007)	−0.017 (0.016)	−0.054 (0.020)***
Observations	178,649	178,649	178,649	24,770	24,770	24,770	10,550	10,550	10,550	82,087	82,087	82,087
R-squared	0.082	0.082	0.082	0.462	0.462	0.462	0.081	0.081	0.081	0.115	0.115	0.115

Panel C. Job gain
Female	−0.036 (0.007)***	0.111 (0.007)***	−0.075 (0.008)***	−0.103 (0.022)***	0.021 (0.020)	0.082 (0.022)***	−0.070 (0.043)	0.249 (0.048)***	−0.179 (0.056)***	−0.078 (0.011)***	−0.027 (0.012)**	0.106 (0.012)***
Post	0.024 (0.019)	−0.006 (0.019)	−0.018 (0.021)	0.053 (0.057)	−0.109 (0.045)**	0.056 (0.056)	−0.004 (0.070)	−0.003 (0.095)	0.007 (0.103)	−0.008 (0.030)	0.004 (0.032)	0.003 (0.030)
Female*Post	0.005 (0.018)	−0.035 (0.019)*	0.030 (0.020)	−0.086 (0.066)	0.034 (0.055)	0.052 (0.067)	0.023 (0.056)	−0.198 (0.069)***	0.175 (0.078)**	0.018 (0.029)	−0.012 (0.030)	−0.006 (0.028)
Observations	19,844	19,844	19,844	2,546	2,546	2,546	667	667	667	10,546	10,546	10,546
R-squared	0.093	0.054	0.037	0.053	0.045	0.069	0.109	0.077	0.083	0.089	0.043	0.054

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by children age and presence_

	Brazil			Chile			Dom. Rep.			Mexico

	No kids	0−5 only	6−17	No kids	0−5 only	6−17	No kids	0–5 only	6–17	No kids	0–5 only	6–17

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A. LFP
Female	–0.145 (0.002)***	–0.268 (0.003)***	–0.240 (0.002)***	–0.125 (0.005)***	–0.264 (0.008)***	–0.260 (0.004)***	–0.209 (0.012)***	–0.315 (0.017)***	−0.264 (0.007)***	−0.221 (0.003)***	−0.365 (0.005)***	−0.359 (0.002)***
Post	−0.044 (0.003)***	−0.045 (0.005)***	−0.046 (0.003)***	−0.079 (0.009)***	−0.059 (0.013)***	−0.058 (0.006)***	−0.036 (0.009)***	−0.027 (0.012)**	−0.038 (0.006)***	−0.054 (0.005)***	−0.030 (0.007)***	−0.030 (0.003)***
Female*Post	−0.007 (0.005)	−0.012 (0.009)	−0.022 (0.004)***	−0.017 (0.013)	−0.016 (0.023)	−0.058 (0.010)***	0.002 (0.018)	−0.075 (0.027)***	−0.038 (0.011)***	−0.000 (0.009)	−0.005 (0.015)	−0.004 (0.006)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R−squared		0.113			0.104			0.119			0.166

Panel B. Employment
Female	−0.143 (0.002)***	−0.291 (0.004)***	−0.256 (0.002)***	−0.114 (0.005)***	−0.268 (0.009)***	−0.261 (0.004)***	−0.218 (0.013)***	−0.338 (0.018)***	−0.289 (0.008)***	−0.205 (0.003)***	−0.360 (0.005)***	−0.355 (0.002)***
Post	−0.056 (0.004)***	−0.059 (0.006)***	−0.059 (0.003)***	−0.102 (0.010)***	−0.091 (0.016)***	−0.087 (0.008)***	−0.038 (0.010)***	−0.028 (0.015)*	−0.045 (0.007)***	−0.073 (0.006)***	−0.053 (0.009)***	−0.048 (0.004)***
Female*Post	−0.009 (0.005)*	−0.003 (0.010)	−0.021 (0.005)***	−0.010 (0.015)	0.008 (0.025)	−0.035 (0.012)***	0.003 (0.019)	−0.060 (0.029)**	−0.026 (0.012)**	0.011 (0.010)	0.011 (0.016)	0.006 (0.007)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R−squared		0.101			0.089			0.118			0.145

Panel C. Job loss
Female	0.031 (0.003)***	0.070 (0.005)***	0.061 (0.003)***	0.025 (0.008)***	0.074 (0.015)***	0.074 (0.007)***	0.043 (0.016)***	0.089 (0.025)***	0.049 (0.010)***	0.089 (0.005)***	0.158 (0.009)***	0.158 (0.004)***
Post	0.028 (0.004)***	0.040 (0.007)***	0.035 (0.004)***	0.249 (0.017)***	0.279 (0.034)***	0.224 (0.016)***	0.082 (0.013)***	0.087 (0.020)***	0.068 (0.009)***	0.034 (0.007)***	0.031 (0.012)***	0.026 (0.005)***
Female*Post	0.027 (0.006)***	0.013 (0.011)	0.037 (0.006)***	−0.007 (0.025)	0.006 (0.047)	0.054 (0.021)**	0.021 (0.024)	0.078 (0.041)*	0.038 (0.015)**	−0.001 (0.012)	0.010 (0.021)	−0.016 (0.009)*
Observations		178,649			24,770			10,550			82,087
R−squared		0.065			0.156			0.060			0.094

Panel D. Job gain
Female	−0.126 (0.006)***	−0.293 (0.016)***	−0.247 (0.007)***	−0.112 (0.019)***	−0.320 (0.043)***	−0.305 (0.019)***	−0.230 (0.047)***	−0.392 (0.099)***	−0.297 (0.056)***	−0.183 (0.013)***	−0.393 (0.028)***	−0.368 (0.014)***
Post	−0.193 (0.009)***	−0.223 (0.027)***	−0.241 (0.012)***	0.011 (0.037)	0.066 (0.089)	−0.086 (0.047)*	−0.123 (0.055)**	−0.088 (0.132)	−0.112 (0.069)	−0.196 (0.023)***	−0.123 (0.062)**	−0.184 (0.030)***
Female*Post	0.053 (0.010)***	0.069 (0.029)**	0.073 (0.013)***	−0.048 (0.046)	−0.121 (0.100)	0.051 (0.051)	0.069 (0.063)	−0.033 (0.139)	0.019 (0.072)	0.079 (0.027)***	0.016 (0.065)	0.088 (0.032)***
Observations		73,562			9,956			3,017			29,008
R-squared		0.076			0.059			0.083			0.058

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Men

		Brazil

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.83	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.04	Initial:	Formal	0.83	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.06
	Informal	0.24	0.33	0.24	0.11	0.09		Informal	0.17	0.38	0.16	0.13	0.17
	Self-emp	0.10	0.10	0.66	0.07	0.07		Self-emp	0.07	0.05	0.65	0.09	0.15
	Unemp	0.21	0.15	0.23	0.23	0.18		Unemp	0.15	0.10	0.13	0.34	0.28
	OLF	0.08	0.07	0.13	0.14	0.59		OLF	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.12	0.70

		Chile

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.85	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.03	Initial:	Formal	0.80	0.02	0.02	0.07	0.09
	Informal	0.31	0.30	0.19	0.09	0.11		Informal	0.25	0.13	0.14	0.16	0.31
	Self-emp	0.14	0.14	0.58	0.06	0.09		Self-emp	0.08	0.05	0.35	0.16	0.36
	Unemp	0.36	0.13	0.16	0.17	0.18		Unemp	0.27	0.04	0.09	0.19	0.40
	OLF	0.16	0.10	0.12	0.12	0.51		OLF	0.15	0.04	0.09	0.19	0.54

		Dominican Republic

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.91	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.02	Initial:	Formal	0.82	0.05	0.04	0.03	0.07
	Informal	0.21	0.63	0.11	0.03	0.03		Informal	0.14	0.60	0.12	0.06	0.08
	Self-emp	0.03	0.04	0.87	0.02	0.04		Self-emp	0.03	0.02	0.83	0.02	0.10
	Unemp	0.18	0.15	0.36	0.15	0.16		Unemp	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.03	0.55
	OLF	0.05	0.06	0.29	0.05	0.55		OLF	0.04	0.07	0.20	0.06	0.63

		Mexico

		Pre-Pandemic period Final:							During-Pandemic period Final:

		Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF			Formal	Informal	Self-emp	Unemp	OLF

Initial:	Formal	0.80	0.10	0.03	0.03	0.03	Initial:	Formal	0.80	0.09	0.03	0.04	0.05
	Informal	0.28	0.44	0.16	0.05	0.07		Informal	0.21	0.45	0.15	0.07	0.12
	Self-emp	0.12	0.26	0.49	0.04	0.09		Self-emp	0.10	0.21	0.47	0.06	0.17
	Unemp	0.32	0.25	0.14	0.11	0.17		Unemp	0.26	0.15	0.13	0.16	0.29
	OLF	0.13	0.17	0.14	0.10	0.46		OLF	0.10	0.14	0.11	0.08	0.56

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters and children age and presence

	Brazil			Chile			Dom. Rep.			Mexico

	No kids	0–5 only	6–17	No kids	0–5 only	6–17	No kids	0–5 only	6–17	No kids	0–5 only	6–17

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A. LFP
Female*Q1P	−0.001 (0.005)	−0.013 (0.009)	−0.017 (0.005)***	−0.018 (0.015)	0.001 (0.028)	−0.051 (0.012)***	−0.001 (0.018)	−0.077 (0.029)***	−0.030 (0.012)**
Female*Q2P	−0.017 (0.006)***	−0.012 (0.011)	−0.029 (0.005)***	−0.019 (0.016)	−0.028 (0.027)	−0.063 (0.012)***	0.003 (0.020)	−0.069 (0.031)**	−0.056 (0.012)***	0.003 (0.010)	−0.011 (0.017)	−0.010 (0.007)
Female*Q3P	−0.007 (0.007)	−0.012 (0.013)	−0.024 (0.006)***	−0.013 (0.018)	−0.026 (0.031)	−0.061 (0.013)***	0.006 (0.024)	−0.079 (0.035)**	−0.027 (0.015)*	−0.005 (0.012)	0.003 (0.020)	0.005 (0.008)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R-squared		0.113			0.104			0.120			0.166

Panel B. Employment
Female*Q1P	−0.001 (0.005)	−0.001 (0.010)	−0.010 (0.005)**	−0.001 (0.016)	0.060 (0.031)*	−0.047 (0.013)***	0.006 (0.019)	−0.061 (0.029)**	−0.002 (0.012)
Female*Q2P	−0.016 (0.006)**	−0.007 (0.012)	−0.029 (0.006)***	−0.009 (0.017)	−0.014 (0.030)	−0.025 (0.014)*	0.007 (0.021)	−0.054 (0.033)*	−0.046 (0.014)***	0.013 (0.010)	0.001 (0.018)	0.000 (0.007)
Female*Q3P	−0.017 (0.008)**	−0.001 (0.015)	−0.031 (0.007)***	−0.025 (0.019)	−0.042 (0.034)	−0.031 (0.015)**	−0.008 (0.025)	−0.067 (0.038)*	−0.036 (0.016)**	0.009 (0.012)	0.028 (0.022)	0.014 (0.009)
Observations		1,184,271			221,542			63,488			674,409
R-squared		0.101			0.089			0.118			0.146

Panel C. Job loss
Female*Q1P	0.013 (0.004)***	0.021 (0.008)**	0.030 (0.004)***	0.001 (0.015)	0.022 (0.029)	0.065 (0.013)***	0.025 (0.017)	0.082 (0.030)***	0.029 (0.011)***
Female*Q2P	0.022 (0.004)***	−0.000 (0.008)	0.021 (0.004)***	−0.006 (0.011)	0.004 (0.019)	−0.011 (0.009)	−0.002 (0.014)	0.026 (0.026)	0.021 (0.009)**	0.042 (0.012)***	0.086 (0.023)***	0.078 (0.009)***
Female*Q3P	−0.002 (0.004)	−0.012 (0.007)*	−0.014 (0.003)***	−0.011 (0.010)	−0.033 (0.015)**	−0.037 (0.008)***	−0.008 (0.011)	−0.040 (0.019)**	−0.020 (0.008)**	−0.005 (0.013)	−0.046 (0.020)**	−0.033 (0.009)***
Observations		411,231			80,113			24,913			148,678
R-squared		0.031			0.054			0.039			0.044

Panel D. Job gain
Female*Q1P	0.022 (0.007)***	−0.015 (0.022)	0.010 (0.010)	0.001 (0.026)	−0.015 (0.079)	−0.022 (0.036)	−0.084 (0.043)**	−0.278 (0.115)**	−0.034 (0.050)
Female*Q2P	0.023 (0.007)***	0.028 (0.022)	0.034 (0.010)***	0.025 (0.024)	0.023 (0.078)	0.120 (0.029)***	0.104 (0.035)***	0.218 (0.061)***	0.030 (0.046)	−0.055 (0.028)**	−0.228 (0.074)***	−0.103 (0.035)***
Female*Q3P	0.022 (0.008)***	0.084 (0.024)***	0.061 (0.011)***	−0.013 (0.023)	−0.058 (0.100)	0.095 (0.031)***	0.115 (0.038)***	0.013 (0.122)	0.076 (0.044)*	0.041 (0.030)	0.181 (0.069)***	0.107 (0.035)***
Observations		168,773			29,463			7,197			52,818
R-squared		0.026			0.026			0.043			0.019

The COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American and Caribbean countries: Gender Differentials in Labor Market Dynamics

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

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Figure 3

Figure 4

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Figure 7

Figure 8

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Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Attrition rates in Brazil and Mexico

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests

Comparison of demographic characteristics between different samples

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Women

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by level of education

Descriptive Statistics by Gender and Pandemic Period

Sample Size by Panels Periods and Countries

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by type of employment

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by children age and presence_

Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Men

Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters and children age and presence

Paradigm

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