Table 1
Sample Size by Panels Periods and Countries
| Panel ID | Panel Period | Observations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||
| 1 | 2017Q1–2017Q4 | Observations | 85,728 | 24,012 | 2,784 | 49,496 |
| Individuals | 21,432 | 6,003 | 696 | 12,374 | ||
| Quarters | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| 2 | 2017Q2–2018Q2 | Observations | 104,560 | 30,010 | 3,465 | − |
| Individuals | 20,912 | 6,002 | 693 | |||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | |||
| 3 | 2017Q3–2018Q3 | Observations | 104,165 | 30,175 | 3,645 | 61,160 |
| Individuals | 20,833 | 6,035 | 729 | 12,232 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
| 4 | 2017Q4–2018Q4 | Observations | 104,345 | 30,415 | 2,730 | 63,725 |
| Individuals | 20,869 | 6,083 | 546 | 12,745 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
| 5 | 2018Q1–2018Q4 | Observations | 85,084 | 24,960 | 3,028 | 50,820 |
| Individuals | 21,271 | 6,240 | 757 | 12,705 | ||
| Quarters | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| 6 | 2018Q2–2019Q2 | Observations | 102,350 | 25,925 | 3,635 | − |
| Individuals | 20,470 | 5,185 | 727 | |||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | |||
| 7 | 2018Q3–2019Q3 | Observations | 102,695 | 10,210 | 3,695 | 64,010 |
| Individuals | 20,539 | 2,042 | 739 | 12,802 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
| 8 | 2018Q4–2019Q4 | Observations | 98,025 | 4,985 | 2,965 | 62,210 |
| Individuals | 19,605 | 997 | 593 | 12,442 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||
| 9 | 2019Q1–2019Q4 | Observations | 77,252 | 916 | 3,256 | 54,880 |
| Individuals | 19,313 | 229 | 814 | 13,720 | ||
| Quarters | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ||
| 10 | 2019Q2–2020Q2 | Observations | 87,235 | 3,365 | 6,325 | − |
| Individuals | 17,447 | 673 | 1,265 | |||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | |||
| 11 | 2019Q3–2020Q3 | Observations | 88,260 | 9,365 | 8,765 | 32,340 |
| Individuals | 17,652 | 1,873 | 1,753 | 8,085 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | ||
| 12 | 2019Q4–2020Q4 | Observations | 83,800 | 8,020 | 10,875 | 26,888 |
| Individuals | 16,760 | 1,604 | 2,175 | 6,722 | ||
| Quarters | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | ||
| 13 | 2020Q1–2020Q4 | Observations | 60,772 | 19,184 | 8,320 | 22,290 |
| Individuals | 15,193 | 4,796 | 2,080 | 7,430 | ||
| Quarters | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | ||
[i] Notes: Sample includes 25–55 years old women and men living in urban areas.
[ii] Data Sources: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics by Gender and Pandemic Period
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| Pre-pandemic period | ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 40.18 | 39.69 | 40.99 | 40.12 | 39.54 | 38.82 | 39.97 | 39.36 |
| 0–8 years of educ | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.17 | 0.16 |
| 9–13 years of educ | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
| 14+ years of educ | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
| At least one children 0–5 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 |
| At least one children 6–12 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.38 |
| At least one children 13–17 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.29 |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Employee formal | 0.41 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.58 |
| Employee informal | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.20 |
| Self employed | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| Unemployed | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| OLF | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.06 |
| Observations | 476,332 | 387,872 | 103,131 | 78,477 | 15,455 | 13,748 | 227,556 | 178,745 |
| Individuals | 102,085 | 83,159 | 22,041 | 16,775 | 3,333 | 2,961 | 49,851 | 39,169 |
| Quarters | 4.67 | 4.66 | 4.68 | 4.68 | 4.64 | 4.64 | 4.56 | 4.56 |
| Post-pandemic period | ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 40.14 | 39.76 | 41.14 | 40.56 | 39.89 | 39.12 | 40.03 | 39.38 |
| 0–8 years of educ | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 9–13 years of educ | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
| 14+ years of educ | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.30 |
| At least one children 0–5 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.27 |
| At least one children 6–12 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.36 |
| At least one children 13–17 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.28 |
| Employment | ||||||||
| Employee formal | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.56 |
| Employee informal | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
| Self employed | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 0.13 |
| Unemployed | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| OLF | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.08 |
| Observations | 175,873 | 144,194 | 23,840 | 16,094 | 18,286 | 15,999 | 45,155 | 36,363 |
| Individuals | 36,829 | 30,223 | 5,343 | 3,603 | 3,877 | 3,396 | 12,302 | 9,935 |
| Quarters | 4.78 | 4.77 | 4.46 | 4.47 | 4.72 | 4.71 | 3.67 | 3.66 |
[i] Notes: Sample includes 25–55 years old women and men living in urban areas. Post-pandemic period includes panels covering at least one pandemic quarter: panels number 10 to 13 in Table 1. Pre-pandemic period includes panels not affected by the pandemic: panels number 1 to 9 in Table 1.
[ii] Data Sources: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Figure 1
Female and Male employment rates and Gender Gap over Time.
Source: PNADC for Brazil, ENE for Chile, ENCFT for the Dominican Republic, and ENOE and ENOE-N for Mexico.
Note: Employment rates in percentage. The gender gap is calculated as the male minus the female employment rates and is expressed in percentage points.
Figure 2
Labor market transitions: Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Women.
Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Figure 3
Labor market transition matrices Pre- and Post-Pandemic – Men.
Note: Table reports the percentage of individuals in a given labor market state, given their labor market state one year earlier. The Post-pandemic period starting labor market state is 2020Q1. Pre-pandemic period starting labor market state are 2017Q1, 2018Q1, 2019Q1. We pool together different panels to compute the Pre-pandemic statistics.
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Figure 4
Labor Market Stocks.
Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (1)); Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.
Figure 5
Labor Market Stocks by Quarter.
Note:: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (B.1)); F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K (δk in equation (B.1)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.
Figure 6
Labor Market Flows.
Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female (β2 in equation (2)); Rτ ×Fi denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men (β3 in equation (2)). Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.3.
Figure 7
Labor Market Flows by Quarter.
Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.4.
Figure 8
Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age.
Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.
Figure 9
Labor Market Stocks by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.
Notes: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6
Figure 10
Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age.
Notes: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.5.
Figure 11
Labor Market Flows by Children Presence and Age and Quarter.
Notes:Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men; F*QKP denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding age and presence of children with respect to men in pandemic quarter K. No Kids includes both women without children at home and women with children at home older than 17. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.6.
Figure 12
Labor Market Stocks by Education.
Note: LFP and Employment denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, labor market participant and employed. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.
Figure 13
Labor Market Flows by Education.
Note: Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable =1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with the corresponding education level with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with the corresponding education level with respect to men. Low denotes 0 to 8 years of education completed; Medium 9 to 13 years; and High 14 or more. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.7.
Figure 14
Labor Market Stocks and Flows by Job Type
Note: Employment denotes dependent variable =1 if employed. Job loss and Job gain denote dependent variable = 1 if, respectively, workers lost their job or non-workers found a job, taking as initial condition the first quarter of each year. Female denotes coefficients for the impact of being female with a given job type with respect to men; Female*Post denotes the differential impact of the pandemic for women with a given job type with respect to men. Formal, Informal, Self-Employed denotes that the state of employment of reference is, respectively, in a formal job, an informal job or as self-employed. Vertical lines denote 95% confidence intervals. A more complete set of results is available in Table C.8.
Table A.1
Attrition rates in Brazil and Mexico
| Panel ID | Panel | t1–t2 | t2–t3 | t3–t4 | t4–t5 | Average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | ||||||
| 1 | 2017Q1–2018Q1 | 12% | 9% | 9% | 8% | 10% |
| 2 | 2017Q2–2018Q2 | 12% | 10% | 8% | 10% | 10% |
| 3 | 2017Q3–2018Q3 | 13% | 10% | 10% | 8% | 10% |
| 4 | 2017Q4–2018Q4 | 12% | 10% | 8% | 8% | 10% |
| 5 | 2018Q1–2019Q1 | 12% | 10% | 9% | 8% | 10% |
| 6 | 2018Q2–2019Q2 | 13% | 10% | 9% | 8% | 10% |
| 7 | 2018Q3–2019Q3 | 13% | 10% | 9% | 10% | 10% |
| 8 | 2018Q4–2019Q4 | 13% | 10% | 12% | 10% | 11% |
| 9 | 2019Q1–2020Q1 | 13% | 13% | 11% | 12% | 12% |
| 10 | 2019Q2–2020Q2 | 16% | 13% | 14% | 16% | 15% |
| 11 | 2019Q3–2020Q3 | 14% | 15% | 18% | 10% | 14% |
| 12 | 2019Q4–2020Q4 | 19% | 20% | 11% | 9% | 15% |
| 13 | 2020Q1–2021Q1 | 25% | 12% | 11% | . | 16% |
| Mexico | ||||||
| 1 | 2017Q1–2018Q1 | 7% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 5% |
| 2 | 2017Q2–2018Q2 | |||||
| 3 | 2017Q3–2018Q3 | 7% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 5% |
| 4 | 2017Q4–2018Q4 | 7% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 5% |
| 5 | 2018Q1–2019Q1 | 7% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 5% |
| 6 | 2018Q2–2019Q2 | |||||
| 7 | 2018Q3–2019Q3 | 7% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 5% |
| 8 | 2018Q4–2019Q4 | 7% | 5% | 5% | 3% | 5% |
| 9 | 2019Q1–2020Q1 | 7% | 6% | 4% | 3% | 5% |
| 10 | 2019Q2–2020Q2 | |||||
| 11 | 2019Q3–2020Q3 | 7% | 5% | . | 48% | 20% |
| 12 | 2019Q4–2020Q4 | 8% | . | 49% | 18% | 25% |
| 13 | 2020Q1–2021Q1 | . | 52% | 21% | . | 36% |
[i] Sources: For Brazil: PNADC and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
[ii] Notes: Sample includes 25–55 years old women and men living in urban areas. t1 to t5 refer to the quarters that are part of each panel. Quarter 2 of 2020 and Panels 2, 6 and 10 are not used in Mexico. See Section 2.1 for more details.
Table A.2
Comparison of demographic characteristics between different samples
| All | All in panel + All who attrited | All in panel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Brazil | ||||||
| Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1 | ||||||
| Age | 39.61 | 39.22 | 39.52 | 39.13 | 40.72 | 40.33 |
| Low educ level | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.38 |
| Medium educ level | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
| High educ level | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.18 |
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.23 |
| During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4 | ||||||
| Age | 39.73 | 39.38 | 39.63 | 39.29 | 40.62 | 40.36 |
| Low educ level | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.33 |
| Medium educ level | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| High educ level | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.22 |
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.29 |
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
| Mexico | ||||||
| Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1 | ||||||
| Age | 39.37 | 38.99 | 39.33 | 38.92 | 40.05 | 39.66 |
| Low educ level | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| Medium educ level | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.54 |
| High educ level | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.29 |
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.28 |
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.37 |
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.30 |
| During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020 Q4 | ||||||
| Age | 39.53 | 39.14 | 39.39 | 39.06 | 40.02 | 39.57 |
| Low educ level | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| Medium educ level | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.54 |
| High educ level | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 |
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.26 |
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.36 |
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.28 |
| Dominican Republic | ||||||
| Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1 | ||||||
| Age | 38.30 | 38.02 | 40.12 | 39.54 | ||
| Low educ level | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.43 | ||
| Medium educ level | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.41 | ||
| High educ level | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.16 | ||
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.30 | ||
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.35 | ||
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.28 | ||
| During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4 | ||||||
| Age | 38.36 | 38.09 | 39.90 | 39.48 | ||
| Low educ level | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.42 | ||
| Medium educ level | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.43 | ||
| High educ level | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.15 | ||
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.31 | ||
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.35 | ||
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.27 | ||
| Chile | ||||||
| Pre-pandemic period: 2017Q1 to 2020Q1 | ||||||
| Age | 40.07 | 39.63 | 41.72 | 41.72 | ||
| Low educ level | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.27 | ||
| Medium educ level | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | ||
| High educ level | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.27 | ||
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.24 | ||
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.31 | ||
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.23 | ||
| During-pandemic period: 2020Q2 to 2020Q4 | ||||||
| Age | 40.21 | 39.65 | 41.92 | 41.40 | ||
| Low educ level | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.18 | ||
| Medium educ level | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.45 | ||
| High educ level | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | ||
| At least one kid 0–5 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.22 | ||
| At least one kid 6–12 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.33 | ||
| At least one kid 13–17 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.23 | ||
[i] Sources: For Brazil: PNADC, for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, for Chile: ENE.
[ii] Notes: Sample includes 25–55 years old women and men living in urban areas. Columns 1 and 2 include all observations in the first quarter of each panel. Columns 3 and 4 include panel observations plus observations who attrited from the panel. Columns 5 and 6 include panel observations only. Quarter 2 of 2020 and Panels 2, 6 and 10 are not used in Mexico. See Section 2.1 for more details. Data from Chile and the Dominican Republic do not allow identifying persons who attrited from the panel.
Table C.1
Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Women
| Brazil | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.82 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | Initial: | Formal | 0.80 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| Informal | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.17 | Informal | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.30 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.19 | Self-emp | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.07 | 0.29 | ||
| Unemp | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.35 | Unemp | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.44 | ||
| OLF | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.69 | OLF | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.81 | ||
| Chile | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.86 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | Initial: | Formal | 0.80 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.13 |
| Informal | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.18 | Informal | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.49 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.25 | Self-emp | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.07 | 0.54 | ||
| Unemp | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.34 | Unemp | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.58 | ||
| OLF | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.68 | OLF | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.76 | ||
| Dominican Republic | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | Initial: | Formal | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
| Informal | 0.13 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.13 | Informal | 0.11 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.27 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.13 | Self-emp | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.26 | ||
| Unemp | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.47 | Unemp | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.66 | ||
| OLF | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.70 | OLF | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.82 | ||
| Mexico | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | Initial: | Formal | 0.77 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
| Informal | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.25 | Informal | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.33 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.37 | Self-emp | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.42 | ||
| Unemp | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.41 | Unemp | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.52 | ||
| OLF | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.67 | OLF | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.74 | ||
Table C.2
Pre and During-Pandemic Labor market Transition Matrices for Men
| Brazil | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.83 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | Initial: | Formal | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
| Informal | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.09 | Informal | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.17 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.07 | Self-emp | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 0.15 | ||
| Unemp | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.18 | Unemp | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.28 | ||
| OLF | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.59 | OLF | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.70 | ||
| Chile | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.85 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | Initial: | Formal | 0.80 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
| Informal | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.11 | Informal | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.31 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.58 | 0.06 | 0.09 | Self-emp | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.36 | ||
| Unemp | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | Unemp | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.40 | ||
| OLF | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.51 | OLF | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.54 | ||
| Dominican Republic | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.91 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | Initial: | Formal | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| Informal | 0.21 | 0.63 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | Informal | 0.14 | 0.60 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.04 | Self-emp | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.02 | 0.10 | ||
| Unemp | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.16 | Unemp | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.55 | ||
| OLF | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.55 | OLF | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.63 | ||
| Mexico | |||||||||||||
| Pre-Pandemic period Final: | During-Pandemic period Final: | ||||||||||||
| Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | Formal | Informal | Self-emp | Unemp | OLF | ||||
| Initial: | Formal | 0.80 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | Initial: | Formal | 0.80 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Informal | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.07 | Informal | 0.21 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.12 | ||
| Self-emp | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 0.09 | Self-emp | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.47 | 0.06 | 0.17 | ||
| Unemp | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.17 | Unemp | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.29 | ||
| OLF | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.46 | OLF | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.56 | ||
Table C.3
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
| Panel A. LFP | ||||||||
| Female | −0.188 (0.001)*** | −0.202 (0.001)*** | −0.208 (0.003)*** | −0.209 (0.003)*** | −0.236 (0.006)*** | −0.253 (0.006)*** | −0.316 (0.002)*** | −0.314 (0.002)*** |
| Post | −0.039 (0.002)*** | −0.049 (0.002)*** | −0.062 (0.005)*** | −0.053 (0.006)*** | −0.036 (0.005)*** | −0.032 (0.007)*** | −0.041 (0.003)*** | −0.043 (0.003)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.012 (0.003)*** | −0.013 (0.003)*** | −0.038 (0.008)*** | −0.036 (0.008)*** | −0.031 (0.009)*** | −0.032 (0.009)*** | 0.003 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.005) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 63,488 | 674,409 | 674,409 |
| R−squared | 0.053 | 0.118 | 0.070 | 0.101 | 0.096 | 0.118 | 0.136 | 0.163 |
| Panel B. Employment | ||||||||
| Female | −0.193 (0.002)*** | −0.212 (0.001)*** | −0.202 (0.003)*** | −0.206 (0.003)*** | −0.255 (0.006)*** | −0.273 (0.007)*** | −0.306 (0.002)*** | −0.306 (0.002)*** |
| Post | −0.050 (0.002)*** | −0.067 (0.002)*** | −0.088 (0.006)*** | −0.077 (0.007)*** | −0.040 (0.005)*** | −0.046 (0.007)*** | −0.060 (0.003)*** | −0.060 (0.004)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.011 (0.004)*** | −0.012 (0.003)*** | −0.021 (0.009)** | −0.019 (0.009)** | −0.022 (0.010)** | −0.022 (0.010)** | 0.015 (0.005)*** | 0.015 (0.005)*** |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 63,488 | 674,409 | 674,409 |
| R−squared | 0.047 | 0.107 | 0.057 | 0.086 | 0.097 | 0.117 | 0.119 | 0.143 |
| Panel C. Job loss | ||||||||
| Female | 0.033 (0.002)*** | 0.051 (0.002)*** | 0.039 (0.005)*** | 0.038 (0.004)*** | 0.049 (0.008)*** | 0.054 (0.008)*** | 0.141 (0.003)*** | 0.136 (0.003)*** |
| Post | 0.030 (0.003)*** | 0.048 (0.005)*** | 0.232 (0.012)*** | 0.091 (0.025)*** | 0.073 (0.007)*** | 0.079 (0.016)*** | 0.032 (0.004)*** | 0.020 (0.006)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.030 (0.004)*** | 0.029 (0.004)*** | 0.036 (0.017)** | 0.005 (0.012) | 0.038 (0.013)*** | 0.035 (0.012)*** | −0.013 (0.007)* | −0.011 (0.007) |
| Observations | 178,649 | 178,649 | 24,770 | 24,770 | 10,550 | 10,550 | 82,087 | 82,087 |
| R-squared | 0.007 | 0.079 | 0.053 | 0.457 | 0.032 | 0.070 | 0.034 | 0.103 |
| Panel D. Job gain | ||||||||
| Female | −0.178 (0.005)*** | −0.191 (0.004)*** | −0.220 (0.012)*** | −0.165 (0.011)*** | −0.261 (0.033)*** | −0.268 (0.033)*** | −0.278 (0.009)*** | −0.277 (0.009)*** |
| Post | −0.214 (0.007)*** | −0.180 (0.010)*** | −0.022 (0.028) | −0.187 (0.035)*** | −0.114 (0.042)*** | −0.032 (0.060) | −0.187 (0.018)*** | −0.189 (0.021)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.060 (0.008)*** | 0.061 (0.008)*** | −0.013 (0.032) | 0.050 (0.025)** | 0.025 (0.044) | 0.021 (0.043) | 0.084 (0.019)*** | 0.086 (0.019)*** |
| Observations | 73,562 | 73,562 | 9,956 | 9,956 | 3,017 | 3,017 | 29,008 | 29,008 |
| R-squared | 0.056 | 0.100 | 0.039 | 0.336 | 0.066 | 0.105 | 0.046 | 0.064 |
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Notes: Column (1) shows results without including controls and column (2) controls for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0–17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.
Table C.4
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
| Panel A. LFP | ||||||||
| Female*Q1P | −0.007 (0.003)** | −0.008 (0.003)*** | −0.033 (0.009)*** | −0.031 (0.009)*** | −0.028 (0.010)*** | −0.029 (0.010)*** | ||
| Female*Q2P | −0.019 (0.004)*** | −0.020 (0.004)*** | −0.045 (0.009)*** | −0.043 (0.009)*** | −0.041 (0.010)*** | −0.041 (0.010)*** | 0.001 (0.006) | 0.001 (0.005) |
| Female*Q3P | −0.011 (0.005)** | −0.013 (0.004)*** | −0.036 (0.011)*** | −0.036 (0.010)*** | −0.023 (0.012)* | −0.023 (0.012)* | 0.007 (0.007) | 0.008 (0.007) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 63,488 | 674,409 | 674,409 |
| R-squared | 0.054 | 0.118 | 0.070 | 0.101 | 0.097 | 0.118 | 0.136 | 0.163 |
| Panel B. Employment | ||||||||
| Female*Q1P | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.003 (0.003) | −0.019 (0.010)* | −0.017 (0.010)* | −0.007 (0.010) | −0.008 (0.010) | ||
| Female*Q2P | −0.018 (0.004)*** | −0.019 (0.004)*** | −0.019 (0.010)* | −0.017 (0.010)* | −0.032 (0.011)*** | −0.032 (0.011)*** | 0.011 (0.006)* | 0.011 (0.006)* |
| Female*Q3P | −0.017 (0.005)*** | −0.019 (0.005)*** | −0.027 (0.012)** | −0.026 (0.011)** | −0.032 (0.013)** | −0.032 (0.013)** | 0.021 (0.007)*** | 0.021 (0.007)*** |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 63,488 | 674,409 | 674,409 |
| R−squared | 0.047 | 0.107 | 0.057 | 0.086 | 0.098 | 0.117 | 0.119 | 0.143 |
| Panel C. Job loss | ||||||||
| Female*Q1P | 0.022 (0.003)*** | 0.022 (0.003)*** | 0.038 (0.010)*** | 0.036 (0.009)*** | 0.034 (0.009)*** | 0.032 (0.009)*** | ||
| Female*Q2P | 0.019 (0.003)*** | 0.018 (0.003)*** | −0.005 (0.007) | −0.008 (0.007) | 0.015 (0.007)** | 0.013 (0.007)* | 0.064 (0.007)*** | 0.065 (0.007)*** |
| Female*Q3P | −0.009 (0.002)*** | −0.009 (0.002)*** | −0.024 (0.006)*** | −0.027 (0.006)*** | −0.015 (0.006)** | −0.017 (0.006)*** | −0.026 (0.007)*** | −0.025 (0.007)*** |
| Observations | 411,231 | 411,231 | 80,113 | 80,113 | 24,913 | 24,913 | 148,678 | 148,678 |
| R−squared | 0.008 | 0.036 | 0.020 | 0.057 | 0.027 | 0.042 | 0.023 | 0.050 |
| Panel D. Job gain | ||||||||
| Female*Q1P | 0.013 (0.005)** | 0.013 (0.005)** | −0.012 (0.020) | −0.012 (0.020) | −0.077 (0.031)** | −0.078 (0.031)** | ||
| Female*Q2P | 0.026 (0.006)*** | 0.026 (0.006)*** | 0.059 (0.017)*** | 0.059 (0.017)*** | 0.072 (0.026)*** | 0.071 (0.025)*** | −0.083 (0.021)*** | −0.084 (0.021)*** |
| Female*Q3P | 0.043 (0.006)*** | 0.042 (0.006)*** | 0.032 (0.019)* | 0.032 (0.019)* | 0.076 (0.027)*** | 0.075 (0.026)*** | 0.078 (0.021)*** | 0.078 (0.021)*** |
| Observations | 168,773 | 168,773 | 29,463 | 29,463 | 7,197 | 7,197 | 52,818 | 52,818 |
| R−squared | 0.019 | 0.049 | 0.020 | 0.063 | 0.034 | 0.049 | 0.015 | 0.052 |
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE−N.
Notes: All models control for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0−17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. Q1P indicates the first quarter of the pandemic (2020Q2), Q2P and Q3P indicate the second and third quarters of the pandemic (2020Q3 and 2020Q4 respectively). Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.
Table C.5
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by children age and presence.
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No kids | 0−5 only | 6−17 | No kids | 0−5 only | 6−17 | No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Panel A. LFP | ||||||||||||
| Female | –0.145 (0.002)*** | –0.268 (0.003)*** | –0.240 (0.002)*** | –0.125 (0.005)*** | –0.264 (0.008)*** | –0.260 (0.004)*** | –0.209 (0.012)*** | –0.315 (0.017)*** | −0.264 (0.007)*** | −0.221 (0.003)*** | −0.365 (0.005)*** | −0.359 (0.002)*** |
| Post | −0.044 (0.003)*** | −0.045 (0.005)*** | −0.046 (0.003)*** | −0.079 (0.009)*** | −0.059 (0.013)*** | −0.058 (0.006)*** | −0.036 (0.009)*** | −0.027 (0.012)** | −0.038 (0.006)*** | −0.054 (0.005)*** | −0.030 (0.007)*** | −0.030 (0.003)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.007 (0.005) | −0.012 (0.009) | −0.022 (0.004)*** | −0.017 (0.013) | −0.016 (0.023) | −0.058 (0.010)*** | 0.002 (0.018) | −0.075 (0.027)*** | −0.038 (0.011)*** | −0.000 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.015) | −0.004 (0.006) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R−squared | 0.113 | 0.104 | 0.119 | 0.166 | ||||||||
| Panel B. Employment | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.143 (0.002)*** | −0.291 (0.004)*** | −0.256 (0.002)*** | −0.114 (0.005)*** | −0.268 (0.009)*** | −0.261 (0.004)*** | −0.218 (0.013)*** | −0.338 (0.018)*** | −0.289 (0.008)*** | −0.205 (0.003)*** | −0.360 (0.005)*** | −0.355 (0.002)*** |
| Post | −0.056 (0.004)*** | −0.059 (0.006)*** | −0.059 (0.003)*** | −0.102 (0.010)*** | −0.091 (0.016)*** | −0.087 (0.008)*** | −0.038 (0.010)*** | −0.028 (0.015)* | −0.045 (0.007)*** | −0.073 (0.006)*** | −0.053 (0.009)*** | −0.048 (0.004)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.009 (0.005)* | −0.003 (0.010) | −0.021 (0.005)*** | −0.010 (0.015) | 0.008 (0.025) | −0.035 (0.012)*** | 0.003 (0.019) | −0.060 (0.029)** | −0.026 (0.012)** | 0.011 (0.010) | 0.011 (0.016) | 0.006 (0.007) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R−squared | 0.101 | 0.089 | 0.118 | 0.145 | ||||||||
| Panel C. Job loss | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.031 (0.003)*** | 0.070 (0.005)*** | 0.061 (0.003)*** | 0.025 (0.008)*** | 0.074 (0.015)*** | 0.074 (0.007)*** | 0.043 (0.016)*** | 0.089 (0.025)*** | 0.049 (0.010)*** | 0.089 (0.005)*** | 0.158 (0.009)*** | 0.158 (0.004)*** |
| Post | 0.028 (0.004)*** | 0.040 (0.007)*** | 0.035 (0.004)*** | 0.249 (0.017)*** | 0.279 (0.034)*** | 0.224 (0.016)*** | 0.082 (0.013)*** | 0.087 (0.020)*** | 0.068 (0.009)*** | 0.034 (0.007)*** | 0.031 (0.012)*** | 0.026 (0.005)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.027 (0.006)*** | 0.013 (0.011) | 0.037 (0.006)*** | −0.007 (0.025) | 0.006 (0.047) | 0.054 (0.021)** | 0.021 (0.024) | 0.078 (0.041)* | 0.038 (0.015)** | −0.001 (0.012) | 0.010 (0.021) | −0.016 (0.009)* |
| Observations | 178,649 | 24,770 | 10,550 | 82,087 | ||||||||
| R−squared | 0.065 | 0.156 | 0.060 | 0.094 | ||||||||
| Panel D. Job gain | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.126 (0.006)*** | −0.293 (0.016)*** | −0.247 (0.007)*** | −0.112 (0.019)*** | −0.320 (0.043)*** | −0.305 (0.019)*** | −0.230 (0.047)*** | −0.392 (0.099)*** | −0.297 (0.056)*** | −0.183 (0.013)*** | −0.393 (0.028)*** | −0.368 (0.014)*** |
| Post | −0.193 (0.009)*** | −0.223 (0.027)*** | −0.241 (0.012)*** | 0.011 (0.037) | 0.066 (0.089) | −0.086 (0.047)* | −0.123 (0.055)** | −0.088 (0.132) | −0.112 (0.069) | −0.196 (0.023)*** | −0.123 (0.062)** | −0.184 (0.030)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.053 (0.010)*** | 0.069 (0.029)** | 0.073 (0.013)*** | −0.048 (0.046) | −0.121 (0.100) | 0.051 (0.051) | 0.069 (0.063) | −0.033 (0.139) | 0.019 (0.072) | 0.079 (0.027)*** | 0.016 (0.065) | 0.088 (0.032)*** |
| Observations | 73,562 | 9,956 | 3,017 | 29,008 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.076 | 0.059 | 0.083 | 0.058 | ||||||||
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Notes: All models control for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0–17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. No kids indicates no children 0–17 in the household, 0–5 indicates there is at least one kid 0–5 in the household but none 6–17, 6–17 indicates having at least one in this age range. Columns (1), (2) and (3) present results when no kids, 0–5 only, and 6–17 is the omitted category. Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.
Table C.6
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by pandemic quarters and children age and presence
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | No kids | 0–5 only | 6–17 | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Panel A. LFP | ||||||||||||
| Female*Q1P | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.013 (0.009) | −0.017 (0.005)*** | −0.018 (0.015) | 0.001 (0.028) | −0.051 (0.012)*** | −0.001 (0.018) | −0.077 (0.029)*** | −0.030 (0.012)** | |||
| Female*Q2P | −0.017 (0.006)*** | −0.012 (0.011) | −0.029 (0.005)*** | −0.019 (0.016) | −0.028 (0.027) | −0.063 (0.012)*** | 0.003 (0.020) | −0.069 (0.031)** | −0.056 (0.012)*** | 0.003 (0.010) | −0.011 (0.017) | −0.010 (0.007) |
| Female*Q3P | −0.007 (0.007) | −0.012 (0.013) | −0.024 (0.006)*** | −0.013 (0.018) | −0.026 (0.031) | −0.061 (0.013)*** | 0.006 (0.024) | −0.079 (0.035)** | −0.027 (0.015)* | −0.005 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.020) | 0.005 (0.008) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.113 | 0.104 | 0.120 | 0.166 | ||||||||
| Panel B. Employment | ||||||||||||
| Female*Q1P | −0.001 (0.005) | −0.001 (0.010) | −0.010 (0.005)** | −0.001 (0.016) | 0.060 (0.031)* | −0.047 (0.013)*** | 0.006 (0.019) | −0.061 (0.029)** | −0.002 (0.012) | |||
| Female*Q2P | −0.016 (0.006)** | −0.007 (0.012) | −0.029 (0.006)*** | −0.009 (0.017) | −0.014 (0.030) | −0.025 (0.014)* | 0.007 (0.021) | −0.054 (0.033)* | −0.046 (0.014)*** | 0.013 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.018) | 0.000 (0.007) |
| Female*Q3P | −0.017 (0.008)** | −0.001 (0.015) | −0.031 (0.007)*** | −0.025 (0.019) | −0.042 (0.034) | −0.031 (0.015)** | −0.008 (0.025) | −0.067 (0.038)* | −0.036 (0.016)** | 0.009 (0.012) | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.014 (0.009) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.101 | 0.089 | 0.118 | 0.146 | ||||||||
| Panel C. Job loss | ||||||||||||
| Female*Q1P | 0.013 (0.004)*** | 0.021 (0.008)** | 0.030 (0.004)*** | 0.001 (0.015) | 0.022 (0.029) | 0.065 (0.013)*** | 0.025 (0.017) | 0.082 (0.030)*** | 0.029 (0.011)*** | |||
| Female*Q2P | 0.022 (0.004)*** | −0.000 (0.008) | 0.021 (0.004)*** | −0.006 (0.011) | 0.004 (0.019) | −0.011 (0.009) | −0.002 (0.014) | 0.026 (0.026) | 0.021 (0.009)** | 0.042 (0.012)*** | 0.086 (0.023)*** | 0.078 (0.009)*** |
| Female*Q3P | −0.002 (0.004) | −0.012 (0.007)* | −0.014 (0.003)*** | −0.011 (0.010) | −0.033 (0.015)** | −0.037 (0.008)*** | −0.008 (0.011) | −0.040 (0.019)** | −0.020 (0.008)** | −0.005 (0.013) | −0.046 (0.020)** | −0.033 (0.009)*** |
| Observations | 411,231 | 80,113 | 24,913 | 148,678 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.031 | 0.054 | 0.039 | 0.044 | ||||||||
| Panel D. Job gain | ||||||||||||
| Female*Q1P | 0.022 (0.007)*** | −0.015 (0.022) | 0.010 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.026) | −0.015 (0.079) | −0.022 (0.036) | −0.084 (0.043)** | −0.278 (0.115)** | −0.034 (0.050) | |||
| Female*Q2P | 0.023 (0.007)*** | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.034 (0.010)*** | 0.025 (0.024) | 0.023 (0.078) | 0.120 (0.029)*** | 0.104 (0.035)*** | 0.218 (0.061)*** | 0.030 (0.046) | −0.055 (0.028)** | −0.228 (0.074)*** | −0.103 (0.035)*** |
| Female*Q3P | 0.022 (0.008)*** | 0.084 (0.024)*** | 0.061 (0.011)*** | −0.013 (0.023) | −0.058 (0.100) | 0.095 (0.031)*** | 0.115 (0.038)*** | 0.013 (0.122) | 0.076 (0.044)* | 0.041 (0.030) | 0.181 (0.069)*** | 0.107 (0.035)*** |
| Observations | 168,773 | 29,463 | 7,197 | 52,818 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.043 | 0.019 | ||||||||
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Notes: All models control for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0–17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. Q1P indicates the first quarter of the pandemic (2020Q2), Q2P and Q3P indicate the second and third quarters of the pandemic (2020Q3 and 2020Q4 respectively). No kids indicates no children 0–17 in the household, 0–5 indicates there is at least one kid 0–5 in the household but none 6–17, 6–17 indicates having at least one in this age range. Columns (1), (2) and (3) present results when no kids, 0–5 only, and 6–17 is the omitted category. Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.
Table C.7
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by level of education
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Panel A. LFP | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.285 (0.003)*** | −0.200 (0.002)*** | −0.068 (0.002)*** | −0.280 (0.011)*** | −0.278 (0.004)*** | −0.113 (0.004)*** | −0.303 (0.011)*** | −0.268 (0.009)*** | −0.121 (0.011)*** | −0.380 (0.004)*** | −0.372 (0.002)*** | −0.163 (0.003)*** |
| Post | −0.057 (0.004)*** | −0.043 (0.003)*** | −0.027 (0.004)*** | −0.077 (0.019)*** | −0.049 (0.008)*** | −0.044 (0.008)*** | −0.031 (0.009)*** | −0.035 (0.008)*** | −0.029 (0.013)** | −0.050 (0.009)*** | −0.038 (0.004)*** | −0.042 (0.005)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.017 (0.006)*** | −0.030 (0.004)*** | −0.017 (0.005)*** | −0.054 (0.027)** | −0.051 (0.012)*** | −0.029 (0.011)*** | −0.021 (0.016) | −0.055 (0.014)*** | −0.009 (0.017) | 0.014 (0.014) | −0.002 (0.007) | −0.002 (0.009) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R−squared | 0.127 | 0.111 | 0.125 | 0.176 | ||||||||
| Panel B. Employment | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.280 (0.003)*** | −0.219 (0.002)*** | −0.081 (0.003)*** | −0.276 (0.011)*** | −0.272 (0.005)*** | −0.113 (0.005)*** | −0.321 (0.011)*** | −0.294 (0.010)*** | −0.131 (0.013)*** | −0.370 (0.005)*** | −0.364 (0.002)*** | −0.156 (0.003)*** |
| Post | −0.078 (0.004)*** | −0.063 (0.003)*** | −0.041 (0.004)*** | −0.127 (0.021)*** | −0.071 (0.009)*** | −0.066 (0.009)*** | −0.036 (0.009)*** | −0.060 (0.010)*** | −0.036 (0.015)** | −0.074 (0.010)*** | −0.055 (0.005)*** | −0.058 (0.006)*** |
| Female*Post | −0.016 (0.007)** | −0.031 (0.005)*** | −0.011 (0.006)* | −0.010 (0.028) | −0.041 (0.013)*** | −0.010 (0.013) | −0.022 (0.016) | −0.027 (0.015)* | −0.015 (0.020) | 0.032 (0.015)** | 0.008 (0.007) | 0.010 (0.010) |
| Observations | 1,184,271 | 221,542 | 63,488 | 674,409 | ||||||||
| R−squared | 0.113 | 0.094 | 0.124 | 0.154 | ||||||||
| Panel C. Job loss | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.065 (0.004)*** | 0.055 (0.003)*** | 0.024 (0.003)*** | 0.074 (0.016)*** | 0.047 (0.006)*** | 0.021 (0.006)*** | 0.067 (0.015)*** | 0.049 (0.012)*** | 0.040 (0.014)*** | 0.186 (0.009)*** | 0.169 (0.004)*** | 0.060 (0.004)*** |
| Post | 0.053 (0.006)*** | 0.048 (0.005)*** | 0.039 (0.006)*** | 0.226 (0.038)*** | 0.071 (0.026)*** | 0.082 (0.026)*** | 0.063 (0.018)*** | 0.093 (0.019)*** | 0.079 (0.023)*** | 0.029 (0.012)** | 0.022 (0.007)*** | 0.012 (0.009) |
| Female*Post | 0.052 (0.009)*** | 0.041 (0.006)*** | 0.012 (0.006)** | −0.088 (0.041)** | 0.056 (0.019)*** | −0.013 (0.016) | 0.039 (0.023)* | 0.060 (0.020)*** | −0.007 (0.023) | −0.013 (0.020) | −0.020 (0.009)** | 0.009 (0.011) |
| Observations | 178,649 | 24,770 | 10,550 | 82,087 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.080 | 0.459 | 0.072 | 0.107 | ||||||||
| Panel D. Job gain | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.198 (0.006)*** | −0.210 (0.007)*** | −0.102 (0.013)*** | −0.081 (0.026)*** | −0.236 (0.016)*** | −0.117 (0.018)*** | −0.252 (0.050)*** | −0.293 (0.053)*** | −0.258 (0.077)*** | −0.191 (0.019)*** | −0.335 (0.013)*** | −0.250 (0.017)*** |
| Post | −0.158 (0.012)*** | −0.210 (0.014)*** | −0.173 (0.021)*** | −0.089 (0.058) | −0.207 (0.044)*** | −0.217 (0.042)*** | −0.085 (0.073) | 0.063 (0.082) | −0.079 (0.102) | −0.186 (0.038)*** | −0.167 (0.028)*** | −0.233 (0.034)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.051 (0.011)*** | 0.086 (0.012)*** | 0.035 (0.022) | −0.042 (0.058) | 0.101 (0.039)*** | 0.005 (0.038) | 0.070 (0.064) | −0.092 (0.072) | 0.132 (0.099) | 0.076 (0.040)* | 0.061 (0.027)** | 0.141 (0.036)*** |
| Observations | 73,562 | 9,956 | 3,017 | 29,008 | ||||||||
| R-squared | 0.102 | 0.340 | 0.112 | 0.066 | ||||||||
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Notes: All models control for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0–17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. Low education defined as 0–8 years of education, medium level as 9–13, and high level as 14 years of education and more. Columns (1), (2) and (3) present results when low, medium and high level of education is the omitted category. Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.
Table C.8
Stocks and Flows regressions: coefficient of interests by type of employment
| Brazil | Chile | Dom. Rep. | Mexico | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal WE | Informal WE | SE | Formal WE | Informal WE | SE | Formal WE | Informal WE | SE | Formal WE | Informal WE | SE | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (1) | (2) | (3) | |
| Panel A. Employment | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.006 (0.002)*** | 0.070 (0.001)*** | −0.064 (0.002)*** | −0.056 (0.004)*** | 0.031 (0.002)*** | 0.026 (0.003)*** | −0.006 (0.010) | 0.177 (0.007)*** | −0.171 (0.009)*** | −0.073 (0.002)*** | 0.044 (0.002)*** | 0.030 (0.002)*** |
| Post | 0.016 (0.003)*** | −0.007 (0.002)*** | −0.009 (0.003)*** | 0.031 (0.006)*** | −0.011 (0.004)*** | −0.020 (0.006)*** | −0.019 (0.008)** | −0.002 (0.007) | 0.021 (0.008)*** | −0.010 (0.005)** | 0.005 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.004) |
| Female*Post | 0.011 (0.004)** | −0.012 (0.003)*** | 0.001 (0.004) | −0.005 (0.009) | −0.012 (0.005)** | 0.017 (0.008)** | 0.028 (0.013)** | −0.028 (0.010)*** | −0.000 (0.013) | 0.032 (0.007)*** | −0.031 (0.006)*** | −0.001 (0.006) |
| Observations | 836,760 | 836,760 | 836,760 | 162,027 | 162,027 | 162,027 | 48,529 | 48,529 | 48,529 | 496,498 | 496,498 | 496,498 |
| R-squared | 0.100 | 0.073 | 0.042 | 0.048 | 0.023 | 0.031 | 0.154 | 0.078 | 0.126 | 0.126 | 0.087 | 0.031 |
| Panel B. Job loss | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.028 (0.002)*** | 0.065 (0.007)*** | 0.105 (0.005)*** | 0.019 (0.004)*** | 0.062 (0.016)*** | 0.112 (0.013)*** | 0.015 (0.009)* | 0.128 (0.022)*** | 0.102 (0.017)*** | 0.071 (0.003)*** | 0.201 (0.007)*** | 0.297 (0.009)*** |
| Post | 0.033 (0.005)*** | 0.061 (0.011)*** | 0.077 (0.007)*** | 0.058 (0.025)** | 0.265 (0.044)*** | 0.216 (0.035)*** | 0.079 (0.018)*** | 0.126 (0.030)*** | 0.067 (0.018)*** | 0.004 (0.006) | 0.057 (0.012)*** | 0.038 (0.014)*** |
| Female*Post | 0.023 (0.004)*** | 0.087 (0.014)*** | 0.018 (0.009)* | 0.009 (0.013) | −0.048 (0.046) | −0.038 (0.032) | −0.001 (0.015) | 0.058 (0.037) | 0.057 (0.026)** | 0.001 (0.007) | −0.017 (0.016) | −0.054 (0.020)*** |
| Observations | 178,649 | 178,649 | 178,649 | 24,770 | 24,770 | 24,770 | 10,550 | 10,550 | 10,550 | 82,087 | 82,087 | 82,087 |
| R-squared | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.462 | 0.462 | 0.462 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.115 | 0.115 | 0.115 |
| Panel C. Job gain | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.036 (0.007)*** | 0.111 (0.007)*** | −0.075 (0.008)*** | −0.103 (0.022)*** | 0.021 (0.020) | 0.082 (0.022)*** | −0.070 (0.043) | 0.249 (0.048)*** | −0.179 (0.056)*** | −0.078 (0.011)*** | −0.027 (0.012)** | 0.106 (0.012)*** |
| Post | 0.024 (0.019) | −0.006 (0.019) | −0.018 (0.021) | 0.053 (0.057) | −0.109 (0.045)** | 0.056 (0.056) | −0.004 (0.070) | −0.003 (0.095) | 0.007 (0.103) | −0.008 (0.030) | 0.004 (0.032) | 0.003 (0.030) |
| Female*Post | 0.005 (0.018) | −0.035 (0.019)* | 0.030 (0.020) | −0.086 (0.066) | 0.034 (0.055) | 0.052 (0.067) | 0.023 (0.056) | −0.198 (0.069)*** | 0.175 (0.078)** | 0.018 (0.029) | −0.012 (0.030) | −0.006 (0.028) |
| Observations | 19,844 | 19,844 | 19,844 | 2,546 | 2,546 | 2,546 | 667 | 667 | 667 | 10,546 | 10,546 | 10,546 |
| R-squared | 0.093 | 0.054 | 0.037 | 0.053 | 0.045 | 0.069 | 0.109 | 0.077 | 0.083 | 0.089 | 0.043 | 0.054 |
Source: For Brazil: PNADC, for Chile: ENE, for Dominican Republic: ENCFT, and for Mexico: ENOE and ENOE-N.
Notes: All models control for age, age squared, level of education, indicator of not having kids 0–17 and year, quarter and geographic units fixed effects. Job loss models also control for sector and type of employment. Columns (1), (2) and (3) present results when Formal wage employment, Informal wage employment, and self-employment is the omitted category. Robust standard errors in parentheses; clustered at the individual level for LFP and Employment outcomes.