New Evidence on International Transferability of Human Capital

Characteristics	CPS		NIS
	Full sample^a	Employed^b	Full sample^c	Our sample	Our sample
					w/o employment principal
Age	37.32	35.89	37.38	37.41	37.51
	(14.25)	(11.07)	(10.77)	(9.12)	(9.48)
Male	0.52	0.64	0.49	0.60	0.58
	(0.50)	(0.48)	(0.50)	(0.49)	(0.59)
Education (in years)	11.14	11.59	13.22	14.38	13.88
	(4.52)	(4.46)	(4.35)	(4.27)	(4.17)
% Employed^†	0.63	1.0	0.62	1.0	1.0
	(0.48)		(0.49)
Hourly wage		2.23^††		2.33	2.18
		(0.87)		(0.67)	(0.59)
Observations	13078	7521	11601	2460	1976

[i] Note: Standard deviations are reported in parentheses.

^aNoncitizens’ age 16+ years. ^bNoncitizens who report being employed and having a strictly positive annual income.

^cNIS full sample includes immigrants between the ages of 16–65 years at the time of entry into the U.S. after accounting for available covariates.

^†Civilian employment.

^††Hourly wage is calculated from a respondent’s previous year’s annual salary, winsorized at 1%. The reported value is the natural log of the derived hourly wage.

Table 2

NIS interview questions and classification as stayer, switcher, and nonparticipant

Occupation in first source country job	Occupation in last source country job	Occupation in first U.S. job	Classification	Type
X	X	X	Stayer	I
X	Y	Y	Stayer	II
X	Y	X	Switcher	I
X	X	Y	Switcher	II
X	Y	Z	Switcher	II
			Not working	Nonparticipant

Average experience by sample and digit. **Note**: (a) General and occupation-specific experience. (b) Task-specific experience.

Table 3

Summary statistics

Parameters	All workers	Stayers			Switchers
		1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
Hourly wage	13.589	18.087	19.674	21.34	10.477	11.197	11.35
	(15.882)	(19.697)	(19.717)	(20.23)	(11.610)	(13.359)	(13.59)
Education	13.820	14.375	14.725	14.898	13.437	13.465	13.509
	(4.000)	(3.969)	(3.751)	(3.817)	(3.975)	(4.038)	(3.997)
English (very good)	0.411	0.533	0.597	0.613	0.327	0.338	0.352
	(0.492)	(0.499)	(0.491)	(0.487)	(0.469)	(0.473)	(0.478)
English (good)	0.140	0.132	0.120	0.118	0.145	0.148	0.146
	(0.347)	(0.339)	(0.325)	(0.323)	(0.352)	(0.355)	(0.353)
English (average)	0.057	0.036	0.029	0.031	0.072	0.069	0.065
	(0.232)	(0.186)	(0.167)	(0.173)	(0.259)	(0.253)	(0.247)
English (poor)	0.031	0.029	0.024	0.022	0.033	0.034	0.034
	(0.174)	(0.167)	(0.155)	(0.146)	(0.179)	(0.181)	(0.181)
English (very poor)	0.361	0.270	0.231	0.216	0.423	0.412	0.402
	(0.480)	(0.444)	(0.421)	(0.412)	(0.494)	(0.492)	(0.490)
Female	0.402	0.377	0.395	0.376	0.420	0.405	0.410
	(0.490)	(0.485)	(0.489)	(0.485)	(0.494)	(0.491)	(0.492)
Employment principal	0.197	0.305	0.373	0.437	0.122	0.127	0.127
	(0.398)	(0.461)	(0.484)	(0.497)	(0.327)	(0.333)	(0.333)
Spouse of US citizen	0.113	0.098	0.089	0.078	0.124	0.123	0.124
	(0.317)	(0.298)	(0.285)	(0.268)	(0.329)	(0.328)	(0.329)
Diversity principal	0.122	0.083	0.053	0.051	0.150	0.149	0.143
	(0.328)	(0.275)	(0.225)	(0.220)	(0.357)	(0.357)	(0.350)
Spouse of principal immigrant	0.308	0.304	0.301	0.279	0.310	0.310	0.316
	(0.462)	(0.460)	(0.459)	(0.449)	(0.463)	(0.463)	(0.465)
Region of residence (east)	0.369	0.387	0.379	0.377	0.356	0.365	0.366
	(0.483)	(0.487)	(0.485)	(0.485)	(0.479)	(0.481)	(0.482)
Region of residence (west)	0.275	0.271	0.261	0.260	0.278	0.281	0.280
	(0.447)	(0.445)	(0.439)	(0.439)	(0.448)	(0.450)	(0.449)
Region of residence (south)	0.184	0.183	0.192	0.176	0.185	0.181	0.186
	(0.388)	(0.387)	(0.394)	(0.381)	(0.388)	(0.385)	(0.390)
Years between last source job and US job	1.924	1.744	1.643	1.421	2.049	2.035	2.069
	(3.709)	(3.633)	(3.693)	(3.130)	(3.758)	(3.711)	(3.849)
Workers	2,460	1,006	694	551	1,454	1,766	1,909

[i] Note: Standard deviations are denoted in parentheses.

Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience.
**Notes**: (a) One-digit occupational level. (b) Two-digit occupational level. (c) Three-digit occupational level.

Table 4

OLS: returns to source country general experience (quartic)

Parameters	All	Stayers			Switchers
		1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
GE	0.0441*** (0.0165)	0.0671** (0.0308)	0.0968** (0.0394)	0.1091** (0.0461)	0.0220 (0.0183)	0.0182 (0.0177)	0.0191 (0.0170)
Square	−3.1734** (1.5939)	−5.3253* (3.0278)	−7.8664** (3.9854)	−8.4873* (4.6013)	−1.1747 (1.7558)	−0.8613 (1.7095)	−1.0127 (1.6480)
Cubic	0.0798 (0.0572)	0.1577 (0.1100)	0.2429 (0.1493)	0.2601 (0.1714)	0.0149 (0.0627)	0.0053 (0.0608)	0.0117 (0.0590)
Quartic	−0.0007 (0.0007)	−0.0016 (0.0013)	−0.0026 (0.0018)	−0.0029 (0.0021)	0.0000 (0.0007)	0.0001 (0.0007)	0.0001 (0.0007)
Female	−0.1146*** (0.0234)	−0.1306*** (0.0421)	−0.1394*** (0.0505)	−0.1811*** (0.0589)	−0.0833*** (0.0270)	−0.1000*** (0.0255)	−0.0954*** (0.0246)
Education	0.0343*** (0.0035)	0.0425*** (0.0066)	0.0395*** (0.0089)	0.0421*** (0.0111)	0.0282*** (0.0040)	0.0313*** (0.0037)	0.0312*** (0.0036)
English: very good	0.1901*** (0.0370)	0.2190*** (0.0653)	0.3175*** (0.0858)	0.3378*** (0.1110)	0.1424*** (0.0424)	0.1196*** (0.0399)	0.1397*** (0.0382)
English: good	0.0464 (0.0382)	0.1140* (0.0631)	0.2325*** (0.0854)	0.3001*** (0.1075)	0.0098 (0.0478)	0.0101 (0.0432)	0.0127 (0.0409)
English: average	0.0030 (0.0431)	0.1244 (0.1023)	0.1690 (0.1462)	0.1922 (0.1663)	0.0323 (0.0450)	0.0036 (0.0445)	0.0074 (0.0434)
English: poor	−0.0051 (0.0468)	−0.0613 (0.0953)	0.0757 (0.1242)	−0.0095 (0.1597)	0.0339 (0.0494)	−0.0210 (0.0480)	−0.0014 (0.0450)
Constant	1.8596*** (0.1590)	1.5168*** (0.2438)	1.5945*** (0.2741)	1.4258*** (0.2974)	2.2338*** (0.2412)	1.9325*** (0.2461)	1.9323*** (0.2362)

Other controls

Work gap	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Visa type	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Region	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Entry year	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Source FE	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

N	2,459	1,006	694	551	1,453	1,765	1,908
R²	0.41	0.47	0.48	0.48	0.30	0.32	0.32

[i] Note: Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses.

*0.10, **0.05, and ***0.01 denote significance levels.

Control “Work gap” denotes the time between immigration and employment in first U.S. job.

Visa types: employment based, spouse of an U.S. citizen, diversity, refugee or asylee, spouse of principal immigrant, and other (family based).

Table 5

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country general experience (quartic)

Parameters	All	Stayers			Switchers
		1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.1059*** (0.0371)	0.1574** (0.0688)	0.2260*** (0.0874)	0.2576** (0.1026)	0.0557 (0.0412)	0.0471 (0.0399)	0.0486 (0.0383)
5 Years of GE	0.1508*** (0.0506)	0.2208** (0.0933)	0.3161*** (0.1180)	0.3638*** (0.1391)	0.0823 (0.0564)	0.0704 (0.0544)	0.0718 (0.0523)
10 Years of GE	0.1969*** (0.0606)	0.2792** (0.1100)	0.3980*** (0.1378)	0.4734*** (0.1639)	0.1175* (0.0683)	0.1029 (0.0651)	0.1021 (0.0627)
N	2,459	1,006	694	551	1,453	1,765	1,908

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

*0.10, **0.05, and ***0.01 denote significance levels.

Joint returns to experience – two-digit level. Returns to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the samples of “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switchers”. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% and 10% levels for the “All immigrants” and “Stayer” samples, respectively. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are not significant at any of the conventional levels for the Switcher sample. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1%, 5%, and 1% levels for the “All immigrants”, “Stayers”, and “Switcher” samples, respectively.

Returns to source country experience for the average immigrant – two-digit level. Returns for “All workers” are significant at the 1% level, returns for “Stayers” are significant at the 10% level, and returns for the Switchers sample are not significant at any of the conventional levels.

Returns to experience: source country wage sample – two-digit level.
**Note**: (a) All immigrant workers. (b) All immigrant workers with source country wage control. (c) Returns for the average immigrant.
*Note*: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote significance levels under each bar in panels (a) and (b). In panel (c), estimates are significant at the 0.01 level.

Joint returns to experience, excluding employment principals – two-digit level. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE are not statistically significant at any of the conventional levels for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE and 0 years of OE and TE is significant at the 5% level for the “Stayers” sample. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and no TE are significant at the 1% level for “All immigrants”. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 0 years of TE is not significant at any of the conventional levels for the “Stayers” and “Switchers” samples. Return to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE is significant at the 1% level for the “All immigrants” and “Switchers” samples. Returns to 10 years of GE, 3 years of OE, and 3 years of Abstract TE are not significant at any of the conventional significance levels for the “Stayers” sample.

Heterogeneity in returns to experience – two-digit level.
**Notes**: (a) Low-skilled; (b) high-skilled; (c) low income; and (d) high income.
*Notes*: *0.1, ** 0.05, and ** 0.01 denote the significance level. Returns shown are for all workers in each subsample.

Average returns to experience – worker heterogeneity (two-digit level).
*Notes*: All returns are significant at the 1% level.

Kernel-weighted local polynomial – returns to general experience, employment principals excluded.

Table S1

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic)

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.0291	0.0478	0.0421	0.0658	0.0507	0.1632	0.0449	0.0254	0.0114
	(0.0368)	(0.0373)	(0.0368)	(0.1165)	(0.1336)	(0.1556)	(0.0429)	(0.0401)	(0.0386)
5 Years of GE	0.0402	0.0654	0.0593	0.0838	0.0617	0.2297	0.0645	0.0367	0.0185
	(0.0502)	(0.0510)	(0.0504)	(0.1573)	(0.1806)	(0.2080)	(0.0588)	(0.0548)	(0.0528)
10 Years of GE	0.0470	0.0744	0.0718	0.0707	0.0395	0.3011	0.0866	0.0490	0.0283
	(0.0606)	(0.0621)	(0.0614)	(0.1845)	(0.2148)	(0.2457)	(0.0715)	(0.0667)	(0.0641)
3 Years of OE	0.1526***	0.1699***	0.2024***	0.1043	0.2623**	0.1176	0.1109	0.0891	0.1184*
	(0.0250)	(0.0306)	(0.0337)	(0.1199)	(0.1255)	(0.1449)	(0.0754)	(0.0577)	(0.0660)
5 Years of OE	0.2033***	0.2251***	0.2719***	0.1387	0.3516**	0.1596	0.0642	0.1056	0.2672**
	(0.0316)	(0.0374)	(0.0413)	(0.1575)	(0.1640)	(0.1868)	(0.0899)	(0.0752)	(0.1224)
10 Years of OE	0.2262***	0.2381***	0.3059***	0.1582	0.3941**	0.1910	-0.0871	0.0513	0.1871
	(0.0390)	(0.0414)	(0.0458)	(0.1704)	(0.1758)	(0.1933)	(0.1314)	(0.1341)	(0.1827)
3 Years of Abstract	0.1239***	0.0997***	0.1066***	0.0911***	0.0588*	0.0443	0.1272***	0.1292***	0.1541***
	(0.0196)	(0.0186)	(0.0186)	(0.0267)	(0.0304)	(0.0384)	(0.0428)	(0.0295)	(0.0300)
5 Years of Abstract	0.2017***	0.1623***	0.1738***	0.1376***	0.0846*	0.0609	0.2065***	0.2086***	0.2473***
	(0.0311)	(0.0295)	(0.0295)	(0.0450)	(0.0500)	(0.0628)	(0.0658)	(0.0466)	(0.0470)
10 Years of Abstract	0.3614***	0.2898***	0.3104***	0.1911**	0.0944	0.0508	0.3653***	0.3588***	0.4141***
	(0.0505)	(0.0478)	(0.0484)	(0.0955)	(0.1067)	(0.1334)	(0.0929)	(0.0736)	(0.0715)
3 Years of Routine	-0.0317	-0.0380	-0.0204	-0.0223	0.0281	0.0011	-0.0452	-0.0384	-0.0079
	(0.0252)	(0.0292)	(0.0216)	(0.0294)	(0.0593)	(0.0864)	(0.0725)	(0.0399)	(0.0247)
5 Years of Routine	-0.0542	-0.0593	-0.0314	-0.0287	0.0629	0.0047	-0.0247	-0.0574	-0.0116
	(0.0400)	(0.0460)	(0.0347)	(0.0465)	(0.0934)	(0.1362)	(0.1029)	(0.0624)	(0.0395)
10 Years of Routine	-0.1124*	-0.0866	-0.0445	-0.0124	0.2059	0.0217	0.2636	-0.0636	-0.0121
	(0.0638)	(0.0715)	(0.0579)	(0.0799)	(0.1498)	(0.2213)	(0.2620)	(0.0927)	(0.0655)
3 Years of Manual	-0.0273	-0.0128	-0.0295*	-0.0262	-0.0157	-0.0371	-0.0281	-0.0040	-0.0209
	(0.0194)	(0.0185)	(0.0175)	(0.0336)	(0.0468)	(0.0553)	(0.0357)	(0.0210)	(0.0184)
5 Years of Manual	-0.0437	-0.0225	-0.0490*	-0.0389	-0.0319	-0.0583	-0.0411	-0.0084	-0.0355
	(0.0313)	(0.0296)	(0.0280)	(0.0563)	(0.0765)	(0.0929)	(0.0552)	(0.0337)	(0.0296)
10 Years of Manual	-0.0744	-0.0522	-0.0935**	-0.0458	-0.0963	-0.0953	-0.0426	-0.0269	-0.0727
	(0.0533)	(0.0495)	(0.0465)	(0.1135)	(0.1459)	(0.1949)	(0.0797)	(0.0570)	(0.0503)
N	2,459	2,459	2,459	1,006	694	551	1,453	1,765	1,908

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

*0.10, **0.05, and ***0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S2

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic)

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.0398	0.0448	0.0443	0.1139	-0.0043	0.1525	0.0575	0.0319	0.0245
	(0.0365)	(0.0375)	(0.0373)	(0.1192)	(0.1380)	(0.1543)	(0.0424)	(0.0404)	(0.0394)
5 Years of GE	0.0568	0.0654	0.0650	0.1471	0.0042	0.2298	0.0841	0.0485	0.0386
	(0.0498)	(0.0514)	(0.0510)	(0.1605)	(0.1849)	(0.2069)	(0.0582)	(0.0554)	(0.0539)
10 Years of GE	0.0763	0.0901	0.0885	0.1346	0.0432	0.3502	0.1216*	0.0728	0.0590
	(0.0604)	(0.0628)	(0.0620)	(0.1866)	(0.2133)	(0.2405)	(0.0718)	(0.0678)	(0.0653)
3 Years of OE	0.1492***	0.1678***	0.1872***	0.0394	0.2944**	0.1157	0.5501***	0.0519	0.0719
	(0.0261)	(0.0319)	(0.0349)	(0.1216)	(0.1288)	(0.1437)	(0.1616)	(0.0675)	(0.0789)
5 Years of OE	0.1981***	0.2232***	0.2539***	0.0558	0.3836**	0.1505	1.4284**	0.0544	0.1610
	(0.0335)	(0.0392)	(0.0431)	(0.1598)	(0.1675)	(0.1852)	(0.5558)	(0.0844)	(0.1443)
10 Years of OE	0.2163***	0.2388***	0.2897***	0.0787	0.3852**	0.1610	7.5671**	0.0246	0.1821
	(0.0419)	(0.0427)	(0.0479)	(0.1729)	(0.1768)	(0.1905)	(3.7792)	(0.1355)	(0.2131)
3 years of NRCA	0.1725***	0.1693***	0.1305***	0.1306***	0.0892*	0.0376	0.5014***	0.5412***	0.2400***
	(0.0301)	(0.0355)	(0.0239)	(0.0346)	(0.0456)	(0.0406)	(0.1671)	(0.1274)	(0.0690)
5 years of NRCA	0.2708***	0.2690***	0.2103***	0.2026***	0.1195	0.0438	0.1480	0.7628***	0.3798***
	(0.0476)	(0.0552)	(0.0379)	(0.0593)	(0.0734)	(0.0726)	(0.2060)	(0.1839)	(0.1065)
10 years of NRCA	0.4272***	0.4366***	0.3582***	0.3089**	0.0711	-0.0093	-5.8783**	0.5968**	0.5885***
	(0.0775)	(0.0832)	(0.0628)	(0.1448)	(0.1445)	(0.1874)	(2.8815)	(0.2753)	(0.1538)
3 years of NRCI	0.0708**	-0.0106	-0.0377	0.0697**	-0.0733	-0.1589**	-0.1333	0.0309	-0.0246
	(0.0291)	(0.0333)	(0.0365)	(0.0341)	(0.0628)	(0.0731)	(0.1665)	(0.0381)	(0.0500)
5 years of NRCI	0.1144**	-0.0153	-0.0583	0.0991*	-0.1207	-0.2650**	-0.7963**	0.0468	-0.0372
	(0.0457)	(0.0520)	(0.0581)	(0.0552)	(0.1011)	(0.1216)	(0.3748)	(0.0592)	(0.0799)
10 years of NRCI	0.1985***	-0.0089	-0.0843	0.0952	-0.2041	-0.4890*	-6.1920**	0.0625	-0.0477
	(0.0719)	(0.0782)	(0.0946)	(0.1031)	(0.1819)	(0.2511)	(3.0430)	(0.0870)	(0.1333)
3 years of RCOG	-0.0404	0.0558*	0.0049	-0.0343	0.0524	0.0123	-0.2918***	0.0767	0.0228
	(0.0263)	(0.0290)	(0.0287)	(0.0297)	(0.0466)	(0.0997)	(0.1039)	(0.0560)	(0.0339)
5 years of RCOG	-0.0693*	0.0866*	0.0075	-0.0513	0.0888	0.0204	-0.8822***	0.1237	0.0365
	(0.0415)	(0.0456)	(0.0458)	(0.0467)	(0.0769)	(0.1564)	(0.3146)	(0.0850)	(0.0538)
10 years of RCOG	-0.1430**	0.1274*	0.0100	-0.0671	0.1708	0.0265	-5.5867**	0.2133*	0.0589
	(0.0656)	(0.0714)	(0.0745)	(0.0789)	(0.1539)	(0.2615)	(2.7181)	(0.1112)	(0.0869)
3 years of RMAN	-0.0713**	-0.1062***	-0.1233***	-0.0249	-0.1196	-0.1748	-0.3068***	-0.0993**	-0.1217**
	(0.0361)	(0.0361)	(0.0476)	(0.0537)	(0.0770)	(0.1368)	(0.0990)	(0.0491)	(0.0522)
5 years of RMAN	-0.1086*	-0.1617***	-0.1869**	-0.0212	-0.1583	-0.2506	-0.9394***	-0.1500**	-0.1830**
	(0.0572)	(0.0563)	(0.0734)	(0.0876)	(0.1234)	(0.2118)	(0.3196)	(0.0746)	(0.0793)
10 years of RMAN	-0.1418	-0.2143**	-0.2329**	0.0829	-0.0590	-0.2258	-5.8974**	-0.1916*	-0.2180*
	(0.0913)	(0.0850)	(0.1069)	(0.1618)	(0.2164)	(0.3226)	(2.8076)	(0.1000)	(0.1151)
3 years of NRMN	-0.0646**	-0.0167	-0.0482**	-0.0598	0.0143	-0.0204	-0.2996***	-0.0085	-0.0368
	(0.0327)	(0.0220)	(0.0219)	(0.0469)	(0.0513)	(0.0656)	(0.1016)	(0.0260)	(0.0251)
5 years of NRMN	-0.0978*	-0.0273	-0.0771**	-0.0921	0.0182	-0.0315	-0.9177***	-0.0142	-0.0594
	(0.0528)	(0.0352)	(0.0349)	(0.0803)	(0.0814)	(0.1089)	(0.3269)	(0.0417)	(0.0397)
10 years of NRMN	-0.1335	-0.0532	-0.1314**	-0.1293	-0.0043	-0.0566	-5.7884**	-0.0302	-0.1055*
	(0.0915)	(0.0588)	(0.0577)	(0.1834)	(0.1390)	(0.2267)	(2.8214)	(0.0703)	(0.0637)
N	2,459	2,459	2,459	1,006	694	551	1,453	1,765	1,908

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

* 0.10, ** 0.05, and *** 0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S3

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic) - with source country wage

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	-0.0195	-0.0124	-0.0195	0.1548	0.0692	0.4922*	0.0610	0.0105	0.0030
	(0.0466)	(0.0472)	(0.0475)	(0.1875)	(0.2111)	(0.2893)	(0.0570)	(0.0512)	(0.0490)
5 Years of GE	-0.0150	-0.0079	-0.0147	0.2055	0.1009	0.6256*	0.0930	0.0215	0.0145
	(0.0624)	(0.0635)	(0.0637)	(0.2465)	(0.2692)	(0.3569)	(0.0768)	(0.0692)	(0.0661)
10 Years of GE	0.0223	0.0218	0.0201	0.2150	0.1635	0.6601*	0.1506*	0.0488	0.0483
	(0.0725)	(0.0740)	(0.0739)	(0.2667)	(0.2736)	(0.3366)	(0.0908)	(0.0817)	(0.0779)
3 Years of OE	0.1700***	0.1568***	0.1821***	-0.0341	0.0601	-0.4223	0.4687***	0.0303	0.0282
	(0.0317)	(0.0388)	(0.0424)	(0.1853)	(0.2104)	(0.2668)	(0.1773)	(0.0827)	(0.1008)
5 Years of OE	0.2234***	0.2191***	0.2476***	-0.0315	0.1028	-0.4835	1.0855*	-0.0674	0.0866
	(0.0399)	(0.0449)	(0.0487)	(0.2398)	(0.2628)	(0.3216)	(0.5809)	(0.1763)	(0.2094)
10 Years of OE	0.2417***	0.2639***	0.2861***	0.0177	0.1623	-0.3262	4.5032	-0.0570	-0.0487
	(0.0520)	(0.0518)	(0.0556)	(0.2482)	(0.2499)	(0.2772)	(4.0280)	(0.3098)	(0.3089)
3 years of NRCA	0.1722***	0.2147***	0.1882***	0.1136**	0.0826	-0.0102	0.5413**	0.5159***	0.4403***
	(0.0402)	(0.0418)	(0.0386)	(0.0551)	(0.0591)	(0.0554)	(0.2176)	(0.1154)	(0.1195)
5 years of NRCA	0.2670***	0.3316***	0.2905***	0.1859*	0.0860	-0.0858	0.3632**	0.7872***	0.6519***
	(0.0612)	(0.0627)	(0.0566)	(0.1126)	(0.1038)	(0.0958)	(0.1756)	(0.1675)	(0.1678)
10 years of NRCA	0.3993***	0.4748***	0.4102***	0.3450	-0.1110	-0.5139**	-3.7969	1.0420***	0.7375***
	(0.0902)	(0.0862)	(0.0734)	(0.3805)	(0.2727)	(0.2445)	(3.0452)	(0.2512)	(0.1912)
3 years of NRCI	0.0703*	-0.0159	-0.0646	0.0570	-0.1298	-0.1282	-0.0536	0.0248	-0.0847
	(0.0413)	(0.0424)	(0.0435)	(0.0481)	(0.0892)	(0.1335)	(0.1866)	(0.0483)	(0.0526)
5 years of NRCI	0.1142*	-0.0231	-0.0984	0.0939	-0.1964	-0.2305	-0.8242**	0.0373	-0.1310
	(0.0629)	(0.0662)	(0.0688)	(0.0776)	(0.1427)	(0.2044)	(0.3591)	(0.0754)	(0.0835)
10 years of NRCI	0.2047**	-0.0119	-0.1251	0.1756	-0.2299	-0.5080	15.9488***	0.0514	-0.1809
	(0.0865)	(0.0994)	(0.1081)	(0.1595)	(0.2893)	(0.3149)	(5.0011)	(0.1122)	(0.1354)
3 years of RCOG	-0.0689**	0.0629	-0.0102	-0.0581	0.0015	-0.0134	-0.2584**	0.1217*	0.0005
	(0.0318)	(0.0408)	(0.0300)	(0.0425)	(0.0633)	(0.1919)	(0.1222)	(0.0705)	(0.0329)
5 years of RCOG	-0.1164**	0.1019	-0.0154	-0.0880	0.0123	0.0314	-0.7541**	0.2015*	0.0014
	(0.0501)	(0.0631)	(0.0480)	(0.0737)	(0.1063)	(0.2811)	(0.3393)	(0.1069)	(0.0526)
10 years of RCOG	-0.2326***	0.1798*	-0.0191	-0.1195	0.0798	0.3691	-3.8501	0.3832***	0.0071
	(0.0792)	(0.0937)	(0.0800)	(0.1832)	(0.2485)	(0.3505)	(2.9752)	(0.1406)	(0.0876)
3 years of RMAN	-0.0437	-0.0712	-0.0618	-0.0184	-0.1597*	-0.1242	-0.2327	-0.0430	-0.0344
	(0.0776)	(0.0475)	(0.0870)	(0.1052)	(0.0887)	(0.1785)	(0.1509)	(0.0633)	(0.1042)
5 years of RMAN	-0.0673	-0.1047	-0.0936	0.0003	-0.2173	-0.1384	-0.6033*	-0.0568	-0.0476
	(0.1193)	(0.0743)	(0.1347)	(0.1669)	(0.1449)	(0.2681)	(0.3569)	(0.0973)	(0.1590)
10 years of RMAN	-0.0935	-0.1166	-0.1152	0.1843	-0.1249	0.1254	-3.3147	-0.0182	-0.0265
	(0.1640)	(0.1122)	(0.1916)	(0.2899)	(0.2959)	(0.3855)	(2.9932)	(0.1346)	(0.2162)
3 years of NRMN	-0.0572	-0.0058	-0.0639*	-0.0786	0.1113	-0.0907	-0.3180***	0.0026	-0.0662*
	(0.0372)	(0.0291)	(0.0369)	(0.0673)	(0.1020)	(0.1091)	(0.1201)	(0.0366)	(0.0355)
5 years of NRMN	-0.0865	-0.0134	-0.1033*	-0.1596	0.1618	-0.1241	-0.7497**	0.0007	-0.1041*
	(0.0597)	(0.0463)	(0.0556)	(0.1370)	(0.1617)	(0.1697)	(0.3457)	(0.0587)	(0.0544)
10 years of NRMN	-0.1181	-0.0519	-0.1805**	-0.4455	0.1418	-0.0717	-3.5858	-0.0231	-0.1593**
	(0.1025)	(0.0766)	(0.0726)	(0.4207)	(0.3003)	(0.2907)	(3.0164)	(0.0983)	(0.0784)
N	1,693	1,693	1,693	745	528	436	948	1,165	1,257

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

* 0.10, ** 0.05, and *** 0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S4

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): low-skilled workers

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.0321	0.0111	0.0281	0.0204	-0.0784	0.1812	0.0492	0.0050	0.0024
	(0.0424)	(0.0435)	(0.0432)	(0.2204)	(0.2901)	(0.4032)	(0.0552)	(0.0471)	(0.0453)
5 Years of GE	0.0487	0.0226	0.0456	0.0415	-0.1135	0.2176	0.0751	0.0153	0.0106
	(0.0582)	(0.0600)	(0.0596)	(0.2914)	(0.3826)	(0.5436)	(0.0763)	(0.0653)	(0.0627)
10 Years of GE	0.0744	0.0548	0.0805	0.0851	-0.1422	0.1868	0.1250	0.0519	0.0393
	(0.0713)	(0.0745)	(0.0737)	(0.3240)	(0.4218)	(0.6501)	(0.0954)	(0.0823)	(0.0783)
3 Years of OE	0.0021	0.0469	0.0690	-0.0337	0.2275	0.1953	0.1271	-0.0590	-0.0385
	(0.0345)	(0.0446)	(0.0513)	(0.2391)	(0.2964)	(0.4180)	(0.1631)	(0.0867)	(0.1096)
5 Years of OE	-0.0031	0.0633	0.0938	-0.0673	0.2975	0.2536	0.0668	-0.0619	-0.1182
	(0.0435)	(0.0548)	(0.0625)	(0.3101)	(0.3933)	(0.5641)	(0.2445)	(0.0995)	(0.2185)
10 Years of OE	-0.0099	0.0753	0.1122*	-0.1301	0.2918	0.2250	-0.0404	0.0352	0.2721**
	(0.0505)	(0.0560)	(0.0635)	(0.3230)	(0.4352)	(0.6658)	(0.5675)	(0.1542)	(0.1153)
3 Years of NRCA	0.4488***	0.3350**	0.3329***	0.4362***	0.4590***	0.3877***	1.3619	0.0272	-1.8790
	(0.1081)	(0.1662)	(0.0781)	(0.1004)	(0.1700)	(0.1298)	(1.2122)	(0.2084)	(1.8057)
5 Years of NRCA	0.6995***	0.5224**	0.5329***	0.6630***	0.6845**	0.6143***	1.7608	0.0427	-13.5495
	(0.1664)	(0.2519)	(0.1233)	(0.1676)	(0.2638)	(0.2115)	(1.5745)	(0.2720)	(12.1213)
10 Years of NRCA	1.0409***	0.7750**	0.8846***	0.8944**	0.8183*	0.9816**	-1.2174	0.0629	-124.7749
	(0.2348)	(0.3232)	(0.1933)	(0.3570)	(0.4395)	(0.4049)	(1.2194)	(0.2713)	(109.8213)
3 Years of NRCI	0.1920***	0.1447**	0.0464	0.1659*	0.0843	0.0650	-0.6430	0.0837	0.0127
	(0.0649)	(0.0650)	(0.0523)	(0.0860)	(0.1811)	(0.1587)	(1.0663)	(0.0640)	(0.0663)
5 Years of NRCI	0.3022***	0.2188**	0.0752	0.2506*	0.1210	0.0573	-4.2488	0.1220	0.0229
	(0.1021)	(0.0982)	(0.0835)	(0.1362)	(0.2850)	(0.2501)	(5.5933)	(0.0973)	(0.1063)
10 Years of NRCI	0.4650***	0.2744**	0.1316	0.3238	0.1206	-0.1886	-18.0374	0.1154	0.0594
	(0.1574)	(0.1293)	(0.1388)	(0.2206)	(0.4585)	(0.4406)	(22.5806)	(0.1301)	(0.1780)
3 Years of RCOG	0.0695**	0.1542**	0.0210	0.0784**	0.2713***	-0.2451	-0.1316	0.1670	0.0292
	(0.0319)	(0.0687)	(0.0368)	(0.0397)	(0.0954)	(0.2045)	(0.1350)	(0.2104)	(0.0437)
5 Years of RCOG	0.1081**	0.2450**	0.0362	0.1357*	0.4236**	-0.3285	-0.1305	0.2679	0.0509
	(0.0505)	(0.1081)	(0.0580)	(0.0709)	(0.1641)	(0.3469)	(0.2233)	(0.2912)	(0.0682)
10 Years of RCOG	0.1597**	0.3911**	0.0799	0.2807	0.6208*	-0.1600	0.3139	0.4407*	0.1167
	(0.0810)	(0.1659)	(0.0902)	(0.1931)	(0.3596)	(0.7545)	(0.6260)	(0.2657)	(0.1020)
3 Years of RMAN	0.0223	-0.0267	-0.0564	0.0023	0.0399	-0.0587	0.0302	-0.0398	-0.0611
	(0.0406)	(0.0402)	(0.0523)	(0.0672)	(0.1097)	(0.2125)	(0.1273)	(0.0538)	(0.0585)
5 Years of RMAN	0.0362	-0.0413	-0.0830	0.0111	0.0981	-0.0493	0.0243	-0.0617	-0.0889
	(0.0644)	(0.0630)	(0.0808)	(0.1113)	(0.1833)	(0.3372)	(0.2105)	(0.0813)	(0.0903)
10 Years of RMAN	0.0610	-0.0606	-0.0836	0.0660	0.3485	0.1781	-0.1116	-0.0878	-0.0823
	(0.1031)	(0.0954)	(0.1190)	(0.2241)	(0.3701)	(0.5942)	(0.5349)	(0.1080)	(0.1336)
3 Years of NRMN	0.0451	0.0393	0.0093	0.0608	0.0528	0.0084	-0.0012	0.0344	0.0230
	(0.0370)	(0.0251)	(0.0225)	(0.0558)	(0.0600)	(0.0990)	(0.1388)	(0.0301)	(0.0250)
5 Years of NRMN	0.0777	0.0599	0.0117	0.1188	0.0850	-0.0344	0.0055	0.0512	0.0317
	(0.0597)	(0.0402)	(0.0360)	(0.1093)	(0.0990)	(0.1636)	(0.2321)	(0.0484)	(0.0398)
10 Years of NRMN	0.1545	0.0785	-0.0010	0.3158	0.1344	-0.3411	0.0492	0.0603	0.0185
	(0.1032)	(0.0677)	(0.0601)	(0.3388)	(0.2402)	(0.3839)	(0.4685)	(0.0828)	(0.0655)
N	1,230	1,230	1,230	423	251	188	807	979	1,042

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

* 0.10, ** 0.05, and *** 0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S5

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): high-skilled workers

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.0423	0.0579	0.0487	0.1302	0.1119	0.2343	0.0340	0.0601	0.0577
	(0.0613)	(0.0647)	(0.0631)	(0.1642)	(0.1854)	(0.2139)	(0.0713)	(0.0732)	(0.0701)
5 Years of GE	0.0613	0.0796	0.0696	0.1705	0.1479	0.3446	0.0530	0.0826	0.0818
	(0.0834)	(0.0881)	(0.0860)	(0.2212)	(0.2460)	(0.2852)	(0.0973)	(0.0993)	(0.0953)
10 Years of GE	0.0824	0.0906	0.0829	0.1500	0.1623	0.4883	0.0874	0.0911	0.0930
	(0.1023)	(0.1070)	(0.1046)	(0.2588)	(0.2803)	(0.3233)	(0.1204)	(0.1192)	(0.1148)
3 Years of OE	0.2438***	0.2027***	0.2390***	0.1312	0.2045	0.2030	0.4011*	0.0811	0.1384
	(0.0406)	(0.0499)	(0.0517)	(0.1702)	(0.2173)	(0.2467)	(0.2423)	(0.1263)	(0.1223)
5 Years of OE	0.3249***	0.2753***	0.3170***	0.1838	0.2857	0.2550	0.5252	0.0791	0.1467
	(0.0511)	(0.0579)	(0.0601)	(0.2193)	(0.2640)	(0.2964)	(0.7759)	(0.1918)	(0.1956)
10 Years of OE	0.3598***	0.3231***	0.3559***	0.2491	0.3471	0.2623	-1.8924	0.0520	0.1421
	(0.0657)	(0.0691)	(0.0792)	(0.2275)	(0.2343)	(0.2472)	(6.0921)	(0.2221)	(0.3705)
3 Years of NRCA	0.0974***	0.1193***	0.0819***	0.0540	0.0802	-0.0774	0.3670*	0.4823***	0.1625**
	(0.0349)	(0.0398)	(0.0265)	(0.0458)	(0.0545)	(0.0553)	(0.1877)	(0.1485)	(0.0735)
5 Years of NRCA	0.1509***	0.1891***	0.1320***	0.0735	0.0963	-0.1754*	0.5738	0.6747***	0.2585**
	(0.0551)	(0.0623)	(0.0425)	(0.0895)	(0.0913)	(0.1007)	(0.3603)	(0.2191)	(0.1140)
10 Years of NRCA	0.2305**	0.3050***	0.2177***	0.0633	-0.0232	-0.5464**	0.8697	0.4930	0.4028**
	(0.0915)	(0.0957)	(0.0753)	(0.2778)	(0.2112)	(0.2492)	(4.3292)	(0.3183)	(0.1679)
3 Years of NRCI	0.0162	-0.0716	-0.1577**	0.0280	-0.1441	-0.3815**	-0.0802	-0.0096	-0.0705
	(0.0333)	(0.0449)	(0.0738)	(0.0463)	(0.0875)	(0.1541)	(0.2275)	(0.0520)	(0.1040)
5 Years of NRCI	0.0281	-0.1128	-0.2451**	0.0399	-0.2501*	-0.5796**	-0.7691	-0.0165	-0.1131
	(0.0528)	(0.0704)	(0.1127)	(0.0825)	(0.1399)	(0.2328)	(0.4741)	(0.0809)	(0.1602)
10 Years of NRCI	0.0630	-0.1668	-0.3592**	0.0427	-0.5063**	-0.7201**	10.9744	-0.0271	-0.1993
	(0.0867)	(0.1076)	(0.1536)	(0.2151)	(0.2573)	(0.3350)	(8.7966)	(0.1203)	(0.2293)
3 Years of RCOG	-0.1492***	0.0115	-0.0114	-0.1664***	-0.0353	-0.0696	-0.2244	0.0343	-0.0110
	(0.0433)	(0.0413)	(0.0493)	(0.0579)	(0.0772)	(0.3235)	(0.1660)	(0.0619)	(0.0568)
5 Years of RCOG	-0.2445***	0.0179	-0.0197	-0.2632***	-0.0480	-0.0967	-0.4034	0.0589	-0.0179
	(0.0678)	(0.0623)	(0.0783)	(0.0892)	(0.1191)	(0.4602)	(0.4411)	(0.0941)	(0.0903)
10 Years of RCOG	-0.4438***	0.0316	-0.0472	-0.4201***	-0.0254	-0.0584	0.6228	0.1290	-0.0359
	(0.1042)	(0.0851)	(0.1260)	(0.1373)	(0.2005)	(0.4174)	(4.3398)	(0.1245)	(0.1456)
3 Years of RMAN	-0.4502***	-0.3661***	-0.4460***	-0.3804**	-0.3015	-1.1005	-0.5958***	-0.3799**	-0.4468***
	(0.1383)	(0.0750)	(0.1238)	(0.1640)	(0.1998)	(0.8093)	(0.2085)	(0.1478)	(0.1422)
5 Years of RMAN	-0.6460***	-0.5367***	-0.6527***	-0.5204**	-0.4058	-1.5851	-0.9189*	-0.5363**	-0.5378***
	(0.1986)	(0.1131)	(0.1772)	(0.2375)	(0.2865)	(1.1642)	(0.4862)	(0.2090)	(0.1701)
10 Years of RMAN	-0.5692***	-0.5387***	-0.6689***	-0.2808	-0.1717	-1.4468	0.7358	-0.3697	-0.2453
	(0.2193)	(0.1488)	(0.1997)	(0.2893)	(0.3203)	(1.0872)	(4.3437)	(0.2373)	(0.1909)
3 Years of NRMN	-0.4705***	-0.1811***	-0.2608***	-0.5581***	-0.3921***	-0.3708	-0.4584***	-0.1374**	-0.2441***
	(0.0912)	(0.0570)	(0.0632)	(0.1313)	(0.1247)	(0.2681)	(0.1676)	(0.0695)	(0.0758)
5 Years of NRMN	-0.7159***	-0.2863***	-0.4073***	-0.8678***	-0.6327***	-0.5690	-0.5130	-0.2160**	-0.3776***
	(0.1344)	(0.0894)	(0.0974)	(0.2000)	(0.1989)	(0.4329)	(0.5157)	(0.1087)	(0.1163)
10 Years of NRMN	-0.9025***	-0.4533***	-0.6119***	-1.2103***	-1.0613***	-0.8278	1.3055	-0.3355**	-0.5412***
	(0.1434)	(0.1346)	(0.1379)	(0.2992)	(0.3252)	(0.7594)	(5.0752)	(0.1630)	(0.1624)
N	1,229	1,229	1,229	583	443	363	646	786	866

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

* 0.10, ** 0.05, and *** 0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S6

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): high income source countries

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.0180	0.0266	0.0307	0.0277	-0.0723	0.2615	0.0658	0.0145	0.0204
	(0.0411)	(0.0417)	(0.0414)	(0.1459)	(0.1544)	(0.1816)	(0.0462)	(0.0444)	(0.0434)
5 Years of GE	0.0310	0.0431	0.0489	0.0393	-0.0863	0.3481	0.0993	0.0284	0.0368
	(0.0558)	(0.0572)	(0.0566)	(0.1943)	(0.2050)	(0.2401)	(0.0634)	(0.0610)	(0.0595)
10 Years of GE	0.0593	0.0732	0.0784	0.0345	-0.0617	0.3828	0.1545**	0.0627	0.0704
	(0.0669)	(0.0702)	(0.0689)	(0.2188)	(0.2326)	(0.2718)	(0.0780)	(0.0753)	(0.0726)
3 Years of OE	0.1531***	0.1718***	0.2031***	0.0287	0.3280**	-0.1074	0.6426***	0.0545	0.0597
	(0.0305)	(0.0380)	(0.0444)	(0.1528)	(0.1474)	(0.1829)	(0.2021)	(0.0819)	(0.1031)
5 Years of OE	0.2035***	0.2281***	0.2722***	0.0424	0.4316**	-0.1012	1.6618**	-0.0088	0.0935
	(0.0391)	(0.0469)	(0.0536)	(0.1986)	(0.1884)	(0.2280)	(0.6835)	(0.1130)	(0.1837)
10 Years of OE	0.2266***	0.2423***	0.2989***	0.0715	0.4554**	0.0150	9.1869**	0.0798	0.1186
	(0.0494)	(0.0512)	(0.0601)	(0.2082)	(0.1905)	(0.2178)	(4.5871)	(0.1503)	(0.2858)
3 Years of NRCA	0.1756***	0.1786***	0.1396***	0.1183**	0.0969*	0.0679	0.5889***	0.4800***	0.3998***
	(0.0386)	(0.0418)	(0.0320)	(0.0510)	(0.0561)	(0.0565)	(0.2100)	(0.1504)	(0.1181)
5 Years of NRCA	0.2747***	0.2827***	0.2214***	0.1815**	0.1395	0.1016	0.1511	0.7524***	0.5892***
	(0.0603)	(0.0650)	(0.0489)	(0.0855)	(0.0900)	(0.0941)	(0.2535)	(0.1960)	(0.1632)
10 Years of NRCA	0.4220***	0.4513***	0.3505***	0.2626	0.1489	0.1317	-6.7602*	0.9597**	0.6208***
	(0.0937)	(0.0972)	(0.0718)	(0.1768)	(0.1697)	(0.2001)	(3.4645)	(0.4552)	(0.1697)
3 Years of NRCI	0.0880**	-0.0595	-0.0809*	0.1123**	-0.2228***	-0.2877**	0.0174	0.0830*	-0.0588
	(0.0412)	(0.0431)	(0.0426)	(0.0478)	(0.0753)	(0.1180)	(0.2173)	(0.0492)	(0.0627)
5 Years of NRCI	0.1356**	-0.0955	-0.1306*	0.1597**	-0.3620***	-0.4878**	-0.7791*	0.1176	-0.0953
	(0.0635)	(0.0655)	(0.0677)	(0.0757)	(0.1218)	(0.2057)	(0.4380)	(0.0755)	(0.1000)
10 Years of NRCI	0.1865**	-0.1547*	-0.2281**	0.1387	-0.6065***	-0.9448**	-7.7002**	0.0908	-0.1704
	(0.0893)	(0.0883)	(0.1100)	(0.1291)	(0.2201)	(0.4450)	(3.6392)	(0.1038)	(0.1644)
3 Years of RCOG	-0.0691**	0.0718**	-0.0321	-0.0939***	0.0547	-0.0772	-0.3377***	0.1110*	-0.0010
	(0.0307)	(0.0349)	(0.0345)	(0.0344)	(0.0573)	(0.0958)	(0.1301)	(0.0634)	(0.0427)
5 Years of RCOG	-0.1161**	0.1115**	-0.0519	-0.1490**	0.0995	-0.1288	-1.0500***	0.1792*	-0.0016
	(0.0485)	(0.0550)	(0.0549)	(0.0606)	(0.0933)	(0.1539)	(0.3978)	(0.0965)	(0.0679)
10 Years of RCOG	-0.2268***	0.1614*	-0.0877	-0.2404	0.2271	-0.2512	-6.7981**	0.3069**	-0.0022
	(0.0767)	(0.0860)	(0.0890)	(0.1619)	(0.1864)	(0.2990)	(3.3230)	(0.1304)	(0.1092)
3 Years of RMAN	-0.0969**	-0.1025**	-0.1291**	-0.0441	-0.1279	0.4435	-0.4116***	-0.0773	-0.1443**
	(0.0437)	(0.0451)	(0.0580)	(0.0612)	(0.0928)	(0.5220)	(0.1274)	(0.0578)	(0.0592)
5 Years of RMAN	-0.1507**	-0.1560**	-0.1954**	-0.0480	-0.1715	0.7323	-1.1908***	-0.1221	-0.2212**
	(0.0693)	(0.0706)	(0.0902)	(0.1013)	(0.1480)	(0.8107)	(0.4040)	(0.0881)	(0.0896)
10 Years of RMAN	-0.2158*	-0.2072*	-0.2399*	0.0641	-0.0787	1.3198	-7.1982**	-0.2003	-0.2970**
	(0.1114)	(0.1072)	(0.1362)	(0.2030)	(0.2539)	(1.1685)	(3.4165)	(0.1232)	(0.1327)
3 Years of NRMN	-0.0475	-0.0337	-0.0595**	-0.0090	-0.0168	0.0084	-0.3276***	-0.0213	-0.0580*
	(0.0369)	(0.0276)	(0.0302)	(0.0543)	(0.0795)	(0.1077)	(0.1232)	(0.0328)	(0.0339)
5 Years of NRMN	-0.0702	-0.0563	-0.0964**	-0.0083	-0.0396	0.0112	-1.0685***	-0.0358	-0.0920*
	(0.0597)	(0.0442)	(0.0475)	(0.0956)	(0.1252)	(0.1712)	(0.4053)	(0.0527)	(0.0527)
10 Years of NRMN	-0.0867	-0.1128	-0.1717**	0.0252	-0.1458	-0.0054	-7.0638**	-0.0728	-0.1499*
	(0.1044)	(0.0738)	(0.0741)	(0.2303)	(0.2056)	(0.3009)	(3.4280)	(0.0890)	(0.0805)
N	1,875	1,875	1,875	779	532	426	1,096	1,343	1,449

[i] Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.

* 0.10, ** 0.05, and *** 0.01 denote significance levels.

Table S7

OLS estimates of cumulative returns to source country GE, OE, and TE (quartic): low income source countries

Parameters	All immigrant workers			Stayers			Switchers
	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit	1-Digit	2-Digit	3-Digit
3 Years of GE	0.1760*	0.1846*	0.1500	0.4061*	0.3633	0.1398	0.0831	0.1185	0.0798
	(0.0923)	(0.1041)	(0.0948)	(0.2311)	(0.4090)	(0.6474)	(0.1229)	(0.1230)	(0.1103)
5 Years of GE	0.2305*	0.2469*	0.2016	0.5301*	0.5082	0.2693	0.1101	0.1547	0.1022
	(0.1254)	(0.1400)	(0.1287)	(0.3123)	(0.5486)	(0.8239)	(0.1676)	(0.1646)	(0.1489)
10 Years of GE	0.2472	0.2745*	0.2245	0.5553	0.6785	0.6249	0.1226	0.1559	0.0898
	(0.1515)	(0.1626)	(0.1540)	(0.3731)	(0.6325)	(0.8101)	(0.2040)	(0.1881)	(0.1751)
3 Years of OE	0.0987*	0.1500**	0.0937	0.0756	0.5110	0.5710	0.6353*	0.1689	-0.0209
	(0.0526)	(0.0655)	(0.0654)	(0.2357)	(0.3857)	(0.4987)	(0.3402)	(0.1401)	(0.2099)
5 Years of OE	0.1441**	0.2115***	0.1642**	0.1103	0.6086	0.6925	1.1647**	0.1131	-0.0394
	(0.0673)	(0.0754)	(0.0764)	(0.3068)	(0.4993)	(0.6220)	(0.5758)	(0.2205)	(0.2622)
10 Years of OE	0.1960**	0.2680***	0.3069***	0.1567	0.4459	0.5522	-7.5834	0.1198	-0.0221
	(0.0812)	(0.0816)	(0.0874)	(0.3279)	(0.5255)	(0.6007)	(6.6156)	(0.2012)	(0.2296)
3 Years of NRCA	0.1723***	0.1410**	0.1517***	0.2172**	0.0608	0.0792	-0.0269	0.3468	0.1511
	(0.0523)	(0.0672)	(0.0533)	(0.0888)	(0.1396)	(0.1496)	(0.3994)	(0.2272)	(0.1445)
5 Years of NRCA	0.2676***	0.2311**	0.2454***	0.3888**	0.1367	0.1243	0.1969	0.4681	0.2497
	(0.0836)	(0.1043)	(0.0851)	(0.1783)	(0.2369)	(0.2941)	(1.0138)	(0.3039)	(0.2300)
10 Years of NRCA	0.4144***	0.4183***	0.4202***	0.8856	0.4486	0.1879	0.7902	0.2194	0.4688
	(0.1432)	(0.1583)	(0.1434)	(0.5842)	(0.5449)	(0.8443)	(3.9783)	(0.3063)	(0.3723)
3 Years of NRCI	0.1345**	0.0440	-0.0247	0.1439	0.0879	-0.1406	-0.3496	-0.0334	-0.1156
	(0.0582)	(0.0606)	(0.0850)	(0.0889)	(0.1111)	(0.1372)	(0.3881)	(0.0898)	(0.1134)
5 Years of NRCI	0.2115**	0.0794	-0.0282	0.2344	0.1776	-0.2412	-2.4397	-0.0488	-0.1663
	(0.0926)	(0.0951)	(0.1330)	(0.1420)	(0.1814)	(0.2131)	(2.4121)	(0.1405)	(0.1778)
10 Years of NRCI	0.3247**	0.1974	0.0336	0.3979	0.5180	-0.4738	-71.7340	-0.0476	-0.1348
	(0.1511)	(0.1490)	(0.2000)	(0.2515)	(0.4038)	(0.3974)	(121.2068)	(0.2160)	(0.2685)
3 Years of RCOG	0.0276	0.0365	0.1361*	0.0657	0.0443	0.5681*	-0.3210	-0.0994	0.0686
	(0.0499)	(0.0562)	(0.0766)	(0.0715)	(0.1214)	(0.3288)	(0.2633)	(0.1271)	(0.0818)
5 Years of RCOG	0.0412	0.0519	0.2159*	0.0976	0.0502	0.8328*	-0.9807*	-0.1457	0.1130
	(0.0789)	(0.0889)	(0.1178)	(0.1130)	(0.1990)	(0.4768)	(0.5243)	(0.1921)	(0.1253)
10 Years of RCOG	0.0554	0.0487	0.3447**	0.1191	-0.0423	0.8509	3.5206	-0.1366	0.2125
	(0.1251)	(0.1412)	(0.1620)	(0.1890)	(0.3736)	(0.5677)	(3.6925)	(0.2496)	(0.1678)
3 Years of RMAN	-0.0849	-0.2065***	-0.1132	-0.2363	-0.6024*	-1.2319***	-0.2865	-0.2539	-0.0172
	(0.0705)	(0.0704)	(0.0823)	(0.2273)	(0.3363)	(0.4279)	(0.2435)	(0.1583)	(0.1004)
5 Years of RMAN	-0.1167	-0.3115***	-0.1732	-0.3285	-0.7913	-1.8159***	-1.0651**	-0.3592*	-0.0099
	(0.1077)	(0.1061)	(0.1242)	(0.3321)	(0.4966)	(0.6387)	(0.5105)	(0.2123)	(0.1522)
10 Years of RMAN	-0.0699	-0.3810***	-0.2265	-0.2156	-0.2468	-1.9637**	3.3255	-0.2931*	0.1144
	(0.1500)	(0.1407)	(0.1630)	(0.4088)	(0.6613)	(0.9023)	(3.6683)	(0.1712)	(0.2037)
3 Years of NRMN	-0.2291**	0.0164	-0.0255	-0.5392***	-0.0428	-0.1844	-0.4149	0.0315	0.0074
	(0.1133)	(0.0358)	(0.0378)	(0.1923)	(0.1098)	(0.1508)	(0.2724)	(0.0473)	(0.0452)
5 Years of NRMN	-0.3224**	0.0298	-0.0381	-0.8002***	-0.1575	-0.2577	-0.6793	0.0542	0.0130
	(0.1537)	(0.0577)	(0.0607)	(0.2754)	(0.1932)	(0.2623)	(0.4553)	(0.0742)	(0.0715)
10 Years of NRMN	-0.2811	0.0660	-0.0518	-0.9859	-0.7656	-0.2248	-1.2970	0.0997	0.0210
	(0.3164)	(0.0992)	(0.1034)	(0.6329)	(0.4689)	(0.6095)	(0.9176)	(0.1156)	(0.1151)
N	584	584	584	227	162	125	357	422	459