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An optimized framework for epileptic seizure detection using DWT-based feature extraction and hybrid dimensionality reduction Cover

An optimized framework for epileptic seizure detection using DWT-based feature extraction and hybrid dimensionality reduction

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1:

Second level of coefficients.
Second level of coefficients.

Figure 2:

Block diagram of the proposed method. DWT, discrete wavelet transform; ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbor; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.
Block diagram of the proposed method. DWT, discrete wavelet transform; ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbor; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.

Figure 3:

Block diagram of fifth level decomposition of the EEG signal. EEG, electroencephalogram.
Block diagram of fifth level decomposition of the EEG signal. EEG, electroencephalogram.

Figure 4:

Confusion matrix for PCA with KNN algorithm. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; PCA, principal component analysis.
Confusion matrix for PCA with KNN algorithm. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; PCA, principal component analysis.

Figure 5:

Confusion matrix for PCA with SVM algorithm. PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.
Confusion matrix for PCA with SVM algorithm. PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.

Figure 6:

Confusion matrix for PCA with NB algorithm. NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis.
Confusion matrix for PCA with NB algorithm. NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis.

Figure 7:

Fold-wise accuracy using ICA and SVM, NB, KNN. ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbors; NB, Naive Bayes; SVM, support vector machine.
Fold-wise accuracy using ICA and SVM, NB, KNN. ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbors; NB, Naive Bayes; SVM, support vector machine.

Figure 8:

Fold-wise accuracy using PCA and SVM, NB, KNN. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.
Fold-wise accuracy using PCA and SVM, NB, KNN. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.

Figure 9:

Fold-wise accuracy using LDA and SVM, NB, KNN. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; SVM, support vector machine.
Fold-wise accuracy using LDA and SVM, NB, KNN. KNN, K-nearest neighbors; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; SVM, support vector machine.

Figure 10:

ROC plot for PCA, ICA, LDA and SVM, NB, KNN. ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbors; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.
ROC plot for PCA, ICA, LDA and SVM, NB, KNN. ICA, independent component analysis; KNN, K-nearest neighbors; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; NB, Naive Bayes; PCA, principal component analysis; SVM, support vector machine.

Performance metrics for ICA with SVM

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C88.0092.6883.6786.3392.680.89
A–D85.5096.0375.9679.1496.030.86
A–E97.50100.0094.9695.55100.000.98
B–C86.5083.6389.6591.0783.630.87
B–D90.5089.6392.5991.7289.630.90
B–E94.50100.0088.7890.69100.000.95

Results of proposed model LDA with SVM algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
A–D72.0072.4873.3672.7572.480.71
A–E96.0099.0990.6395.5699.090.97
B–C91.0086.7094.0293.5786.700.90
B–D100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–E76.0088.3863.8874.3188.380.80

Samples of data in normal and seizure cases

Set nameAnnotation of dataSize (KB)Acquisition circumstances
Set AZ000.txt—Z100.txt564Five healthy subjects with open eyes
Set BO000.txt—O100.txt611Five healthy subjects with closed eyes
Set CN000.txt—N100.txt560Five people with epilepsy with seizure-free status
Set DF000.txt—F100.txt569Five people with epilepsy with seizure-free status inside five epileptogenic zones
Set ES000.txt—S100.txt747Five subjects during seizure activity

Performance metrics for ICA with KNN

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C88.5093.9981.1485.2493.990.89
A–D83.5082.6583.8783.9982.650.82
A–E93.00100.0086.0188.36100.000.94
B–C91.5093.3389.8390.4793.330.92
B–D91.5093.3190.3790.1293.310.91
B–E92.00100.0084.0786.32100.000.92

Performance metrics for ICA with NB

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C72.0082.6561.5267.8982.650.74
A–D72.5097.0347.7665.5597.030.78
A–E100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–C82.0067.2295.4895.6067.220.78
B–D68.0091.4345.2762.4891.420.74
B–E99.5099.23100.00100.0099.230.99

Results of PCA with NB algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C80.5094.4567.1274.1794.450.83
A–D80.0096.2663.6772.6496.260.82
A–E100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–C90.5084.2895.7197.5084.280.90
B–D89.0090.3188.3887.9590.310.89
B–E99.5099.00100.00100.0099.000.99

Results of PCA with KNN algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C81.0088.4771.8778.3688.470.83
A–D90.5093.2089.2889.3493.200.91
A–E58.00100.0018.1857.18100.000.71
B–C81.0082.3277.9379.3982.320.81
B–D83.5083.0981.9483.1283.090.89
B–E88.50100.0075.0786.68100.000.92

Results of PCA with SVM algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C77.5096.8755.5771.0996.870.81
A–D84.5097.0771.4377.7797.070.86
A–E93.50100.0086.8789.34100.000.94
B–C83.0093.6571.8977.8993.650.85
B–D85.0093.8574.3680.2793.850.86
B–E90.00100.0080.0983.98100.000.91

Results of proposed model LDA with KNN algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C77.5082.9570.3076.8982.950.78
A–D66.5064.4567.8469.4064.450.66
A–E92.00100.0084.6586.49100.000.92
B–C76.5064.0887.3282.8964.080.72
B–D80.0073.4482.9885.5473.440.77
B–E90.00100.0079.6184.92100.000.91

Results of proposed model LDA with NB algorithm

CaseAccuracy (%)Sensitivity (%)Specificity (%)Precision (%)Recall (%)F-measure
A–C100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
A–D100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
A–E100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–C100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–D100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
B–E100.00100.00100.00100.00100.001.00
Language: English
Submitted on: Jul 15, 2025
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Published on: Dec 31, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Rabel Guharoy, Nanda Dulal Jana, Suparna Biswas, Lalit Garg, Subhayu Ghosh, published by Professor Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.