Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
ECC performance evaluation
| Key size (bits) | Encryption time (ms) | Decryption time (ms) | Key generation time (ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 160 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 3.4 |
| 192 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 4.1 |
| 224 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 5.0 |
| 256 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 6.2 |
Comparison of end-to-end delay (ms) with increasing malicious nodes
| No. of malicious nodes | Proposed | Muzammal et al. (2022) [2] | Bang and Rao (2022) [3] | Singh et al. (2024) [4] | Jiang and Liu (2022) [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 18.7 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 21.8 | 22.1 |
| 10 | 20.4 | 25.7 | 26.3 | 24.5 | 25.0 |
| 20 | 22.1 | 30.4 | 28.7 | 26.9 | 27.3 |
| 30 | 24.6 | 34.9 | 32.5 | 30.8 | 31.2 |
| 40 | 28.2 | 38.7 | 36.1 | 34.4 | 35.0 |
Comparison of PDR with increasing malicious nodes
| No. of malicious nodes | Proposed | Muzammal et al. (2022) [2] | Bang and Rao (2022) [3] | Singh et al. (2024) [4] | Jiang and Liu (2022) [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 98.2 | 95.1 | 94.3 | 96.0 | 94.8 |
| 10 | 95.6 | 90.8 | 88.9 | 92.3 | 89.7 |
| 20 | 92.8 | 85.4 | 83.9 | 88.2 | 86.7 |
| 30 | 89.7 | 81.6 | 78.2 | 83.5 | 80.9 |
| 40 | 86.3 | 76.2 | 72.5 | 79.0 | 75.6 |
Comparison of throughput (kbps) with increasing malicious nodes
| No. of malicious nodes | ATBSRP—proposed | Muzammal et al. (2022) [2] | Bang and Rao (2022) [3] | Singh et al. (2024) [4] | Jiang and Liu (2022) [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 540 | 510 | 500 | 520 | 505 |
| 10 | 530 | 480 | 470 | 495 | 485 |
| 20 | 512 | 450 | 438 | 470 | 460 |
| 30 | 489 | 420 | 410 | 440 | 430 |
| 40 | 460 | 390 | 375 | 405 | 395 |
Simulation parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Simulation tool | NS-3 |
| Simulation area | 1,000 m × 1,000 m |
| Number of nodes | 100–500 |
| Traffic type | CBR |
| Transmission range | 250 m |
| MAC protocol | IEEE 802.15.4 |
| Mobility model | Random waypoint |
| Attack types simulated | Blackhole, Sybil, rank, wormhole |
| Trust evaluation method | Direct & indirect trust, trust decay mechanism |
| Cryptographic security | ECC, one-time hash chains |
| Detection algorithm | GMM, decision tree |
Comparison of detection accuracy (%) with increasing malicious nodes
| No. of malicious nodes | Proposed | Muzammal et al. (2022) [2] | Bang and Rao (2022) [3] | Singh et al. (2024) [4] | Jiang and Liu (2022) [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 98.3 | 92.4 | 90.1 | 94.5 | 91.3 |
| 20 | 96.5 | 90.2 | 87.8 | 91.5 | 89.3 |
| 30 | 94.2 | 86.7 | 83.9 | 88.1 | 85.6 |
| 40 | 91.7 | 82.3 | 79.4 | 84.7 | 81.2 |
Comparative analysis
| Metric | ATBSRP (proposed) | Muzammal et al. (2022a) [2] | Bang and Rao (2022) [3] | Singh et al. (2024) [4] | Jiang and Liu (2022) [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDR (%) | 92.8 | 85.4 | 83.9 | 88.2 | 86.7 |
| End-to-end delay (ms) | 22.1 | 30.4 | 28.7 | 26.9 | 27.3 |
| Throughput (kbps) | 512 | 450 | 438 | 470 | 460 |
| Routing overhead (%) | 12.3 | 18.2 | 19.6 | 15.8 | 17.4 |
| Detection accuracy (%) | 96.5 | 90.2 | 87.8 | 91.5 | 89.3 |