Figure 1:
![A. Cross-sectional view, B. Normal view. LIF surgery types and their relevant access points [1]. LIF, lumbar interbody fusion.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKDVLOUL35%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T140830Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCxLYmKwlKqEg%2FVk7E99U%2BJ8ffcVCVSCDWbRy5cVrHPAQIgI1DIQESLUqsX2UnhCF7Txj5nFCssD%2Fz5%2BYSXHl%2F1B90qvQUIGRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDDgE0tpHdm%2BFaX9maiqaBcUBzGLSBGIrEWIu0jW091dM29PgcWKMPGyLIjf84xMrcvXsRDT4SHNVto4oy6tpuKtn3%2Fj7LOhy0sPyIUE7%2BqKjMJ%2F1uOd3kv6Nlmp5%2B5bBgsI5Hq9Aq7RGh0U2Se1xK2HBL18P%2BNQ6OVYhPZmnn1she6BgwRb5EjuoAgRqksp8LQEjoArd69z%2F1KCzNu%2BkERaLwcGN00xeStoVEPzk5O1LMQgiPF0WVi6O89tn%2BmjaShkh4ySZi8Sueap2hL%2FPfBfD2ZJwBByrkn2hDQPJWyloX3zJH8nx4XJNH1tKCF2Uhfxswr9lD6LGsjt%2B4CnsOnYL5cg1iUUPzwXYtdTqOwT6WITc6jcxBTwrYTzTFvw7q0DkzwWWlcxiHLgzk8HR2C4Y6uJo2Ttw6jfc3xutIFvzoYMswGI8p7Z%2Bu2e7hwY5v%2F%2B5aKEz9NwHz449WxQmocW8Ur24yTuRd3QMppgD9nIsQ%2Fr0EeWcpGl2b2LaNYhlnc9j3qMgDN%2BbO0eQR2TgnFF3ETBDssBI%2By1imv%2B3x2QPpT5Q7yrp0zL6a1%2BQ4BZsSw%2BZW9pQCpp1VwCfiOP5cKsWkOeQWwlAnPST6lbG7rp%2FAN%2FJ3BSL4n13JPJCQF%2F4HMYL0au4AFDtsqWw8qlIJHFUf%2BLGmIdt2F2w3tSkdZOLF4J9ZQvKrvGIoIfAkFoe%2BeeC86sF7JlLO1UjGeLPFz81%2B0toTOfpzidNOMV1uF2Zyx7w1ezO6c1xztZNkqTmE1flIEztWUOItPpBC3J1hl1s34fmxsOzs%2BrCSW4u87DPwi3scktU5wFxnTGMRUJjzGCfS883wF5VTnjgz%2Bk42QhtsPvRaxd4On7evSIcfSnAS8ls2Ta81%2Fi%2BceccPu3FbjWgaxWbjSC4iDCk2e7NBjqxASp6N%2FpB88YHfQqQStjQh78yjPrYxp6E4COMLeFIAAIN8QixTWEb4Ct4mRuRcjlprd5vwFTHA4hBUFitEX%2Ff5bBlJJ7Vm3LdFnAoPHJuoVqD9aAaEqwBPtvPlM0m1ix%2F9fHvoPV0WnDcRekkYoXqSGXpLFVCxLG6RhvSs2Bfz3Gv956pDo916PYnkBx7WbB0vnzfB%2B8ND%2BXRIR3KCcun%2FwJUCWTUIcY9bzOJcqKaWG4SvQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=fbe3b152e979caefab0aa9f6561c01aa375d2ed8cf95d4ac1e3797559b7a8510&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Vertical, horizontal, planar, and angular misalignment [113].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKDVLOUL35%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T140830Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCxLYmKwlKqEg%2FVk7E99U%2BJ8ffcVCVSCDWbRy5cVrHPAQIgI1DIQESLUqsX2UnhCF7Txj5nFCssD%2Fz5%2BYSXHl%2F1B90qvQUIGRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDDgE0tpHdm%2BFaX9maiqaBcUBzGLSBGIrEWIu0jW091dM29PgcWKMPGyLIjf84xMrcvXsRDT4SHNVto4oy6tpuKtn3%2Fj7LOhy0sPyIUE7%2BqKjMJ%2F1uOd3kv6Nlmp5%2B5bBgsI5Hq9Aq7RGh0U2Se1xK2HBL18P%2BNQ6OVYhPZmnn1she6BgwRb5EjuoAgRqksp8LQEjoArd69z%2F1KCzNu%2BkERaLwcGN00xeStoVEPzk5O1LMQgiPF0WVi6O89tn%2BmjaShkh4ySZi8Sueap2hL%2FPfBfD2ZJwBByrkn2hDQPJWyloX3zJH8nx4XJNH1tKCF2Uhfxswr9lD6LGsjt%2B4CnsOnYL5cg1iUUPzwXYtdTqOwT6WITc6jcxBTwrYTzTFvw7q0DkzwWWlcxiHLgzk8HR2C4Y6uJo2Ttw6jfc3xutIFvzoYMswGI8p7Z%2Bu2e7hwY5v%2F%2B5aKEz9NwHz449WxQmocW8Ur24yTuRd3QMppgD9nIsQ%2Fr0EeWcpGl2b2LaNYhlnc9j3qMgDN%2BbO0eQR2TgnFF3ETBDssBI%2By1imv%2B3x2QPpT5Q7yrp0zL6a1%2BQ4BZsSw%2BZW9pQCpp1VwCfiOP5cKsWkOeQWwlAnPST6lbG7rp%2FAN%2FJ3BSL4n13JPJCQF%2F4HMYL0au4AFDtsqWw8qlIJHFUf%2BLGmIdt2F2w3tSkdZOLF4J9ZQvKrvGIoIfAkFoe%2BeeC86sF7JlLO1UjGeLPFz81%2B0toTOfpzidNOMV1uF2Zyx7w1ezO6c1xztZNkqTmE1flIEztWUOItPpBC3J1hl1s34fmxsOzs%2BrCSW4u87DPwi3scktU5wFxnTGMRUJjzGCfS883wF5VTnjgz%2Bk42QhtsPvRaxd4On7evSIcfSnAS8ls2Ta81%2Fi%2BceccPu3FbjWgaxWbjSC4iDCk2e7NBjqxASp6N%2FpB88YHfQqQStjQh78yjPrYxp6E4COMLeFIAAIN8QixTWEb4Ct4mRuRcjlprd5vwFTHA4hBUFitEX%2Ff5bBlJJ7Vm3LdFnAoPHJuoVqD9aAaEqwBPtvPlM0m1ix%2F9fHvoPV0WnDcRekkYoXqSGXpLFVCxLG6RhvSs2Bfz3Gv956pDo916PYnkBx7WbB0vnzfB%2B8ND%2BXRIR3KCcun%2FwJUCWTUIcY9bzOJcqKaWG4SvQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a4a8c2b14a372bd10fe7aebc2f98b5a1e63e79fb861e85681a720233322b8465&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:
![Implant standalone version (left) and screwed version (right) [96].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKDVLOUL35%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T140830Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCxLYmKwlKqEg%2FVk7E99U%2BJ8ffcVCVSCDWbRy5cVrHPAQIgI1DIQESLUqsX2UnhCF7Txj5nFCssD%2Fz5%2BYSXHl%2F1B90qvQUIGRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDDgE0tpHdm%2BFaX9maiqaBcUBzGLSBGIrEWIu0jW091dM29PgcWKMPGyLIjf84xMrcvXsRDT4SHNVto4oy6tpuKtn3%2Fj7LOhy0sPyIUE7%2BqKjMJ%2F1uOd3kv6Nlmp5%2B5bBgsI5Hq9Aq7RGh0U2Se1xK2HBL18P%2BNQ6OVYhPZmnn1she6BgwRb5EjuoAgRqksp8LQEjoArd69z%2F1KCzNu%2BkERaLwcGN00xeStoVEPzk5O1LMQgiPF0WVi6O89tn%2BmjaShkh4ySZi8Sueap2hL%2FPfBfD2ZJwBByrkn2hDQPJWyloX3zJH8nx4XJNH1tKCF2Uhfxswr9lD6LGsjt%2B4CnsOnYL5cg1iUUPzwXYtdTqOwT6WITc6jcxBTwrYTzTFvw7q0DkzwWWlcxiHLgzk8HR2C4Y6uJo2Ttw6jfc3xutIFvzoYMswGI8p7Z%2Bu2e7hwY5v%2F%2B5aKEz9NwHz449WxQmocW8Ur24yTuRd3QMppgD9nIsQ%2Fr0EeWcpGl2b2LaNYhlnc9j3qMgDN%2BbO0eQR2TgnFF3ETBDssBI%2By1imv%2B3x2QPpT5Q7yrp0zL6a1%2BQ4BZsSw%2BZW9pQCpp1VwCfiOP5cKsWkOeQWwlAnPST6lbG7rp%2FAN%2FJ3BSL4n13JPJCQF%2F4HMYL0au4AFDtsqWw8qlIJHFUf%2BLGmIdt2F2w3tSkdZOLF4J9ZQvKrvGIoIfAkFoe%2BeeC86sF7JlLO1UjGeLPFz81%2B0toTOfpzidNOMV1uF2Zyx7w1ezO6c1xztZNkqTmE1flIEztWUOItPpBC3J1hl1s34fmxsOzs%2BrCSW4u87DPwi3scktU5wFxnTGMRUJjzGCfS883wF5VTnjgz%2Bk42QhtsPvRaxd4On7evSIcfSnAS8ls2Ta81%2Fi%2BceccPu3FbjWgaxWbjSC4iDCk2e7NBjqxASp6N%2FpB88YHfQqQStjQh78yjPrYxp6E4COMLeFIAAIN8QixTWEb4Ct4mRuRcjlprd5vwFTHA4hBUFitEX%2Ff5bBlJJ7Vm3LdFnAoPHJuoVqD9aAaEqwBPtvPlM0m1ix%2F9fHvoPV0WnDcRekkYoXqSGXpLFVCxLG6RhvSs2Bfz3Gv956pDo916PYnkBx7WbB0vnzfB%2B8ND%2BXRIR3KCcun%2FwJUCWTUIcY9bzOJcqKaWG4SvQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=8eb4a0bcbd324cc17bb9e711462911bf2a81dc71eef1480c5f9b80bfd8030aed&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6:

Figure 7:

Figure 8:

Figure 9:

Figure 10:
![X-ray of a natural spine [119], kyphosis [118], and lordosis [117].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKDVLOUL35%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T140830Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFAaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQCxLYmKwlKqEg%2FVk7E99U%2BJ8ffcVCVSCDWbRy5cVrHPAQIgI1DIQESLUqsX2UnhCF7Txj5nFCssD%2Fz5%2BYSXHl%2F1B90qvQUIGRACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDDgE0tpHdm%2BFaX9maiqaBcUBzGLSBGIrEWIu0jW091dM29PgcWKMPGyLIjf84xMrcvXsRDT4SHNVto4oy6tpuKtn3%2Fj7LOhy0sPyIUE7%2BqKjMJ%2F1uOd3kv6Nlmp5%2B5bBgsI5Hq9Aq7RGh0U2Se1xK2HBL18P%2BNQ6OVYhPZmnn1she6BgwRb5EjuoAgRqksp8LQEjoArd69z%2F1KCzNu%2BkERaLwcGN00xeStoVEPzk5O1LMQgiPF0WVi6O89tn%2BmjaShkh4ySZi8Sueap2hL%2FPfBfD2ZJwBByrkn2hDQPJWyloX3zJH8nx4XJNH1tKCF2Uhfxswr9lD6LGsjt%2B4CnsOnYL5cg1iUUPzwXYtdTqOwT6WITc6jcxBTwrYTzTFvw7q0DkzwWWlcxiHLgzk8HR2C4Y6uJo2Ttw6jfc3xutIFvzoYMswGI8p7Z%2Bu2e7hwY5v%2F%2B5aKEz9NwHz449WxQmocW8Ur24yTuRd3QMppgD9nIsQ%2Fr0EeWcpGl2b2LaNYhlnc9j3qMgDN%2BbO0eQR2TgnFF3ETBDssBI%2By1imv%2B3x2QPpT5Q7yrp0zL6a1%2BQ4BZsSw%2BZW9pQCpp1VwCfiOP5cKsWkOeQWwlAnPST6lbG7rp%2FAN%2FJ3BSL4n13JPJCQF%2F4HMYL0au4AFDtsqWw8qlIJHFUf%2BLGmIdt2F2w3tSkdZOLF4J9ZQvKrvGIoIfAkFoe%2BeeC86sF7JlLO1UjGeLPFz81%2B0toTOfpzidNOMV1uF2Zyx7w1ezO6c1xztZNkqTmE1flIEztWUOItPpBC3J1hl1s34fmxsOzs%2BrCSW4u87DPwi3scktU5wFxnTGMRUJjzGCfS883wF5VTnjgz%2Bk42QhtsPvRaxd4On7evSIcfSnAS8ls2Ta81%2Fi%2BceccPu3FbjWgaxWbjSC4iDCk2e7NBjqxASp6N%2FpB88YHfQqQStjQh78yjPrYxp6E4COMLeFIAAIN8QixTWEb4Ct4mRuRcjlprd5vwFTHA4hBUFitEX%2Ff5bBlJJ7Vm3LdFnAoPHJuoVqD9aAaEqwBPtvPlM0m1ix%2F9fHvoPV0WnDcRekkYoXqSGXpLFVCxLG6RhvSs2Bfz3Gv956pDo916PYnkBx7WbB0vnzfB%2B8ND%2BXRIR3KCcun%2FwJUCWTUIcY9bzOJcqKaWG4SvQ%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=2b97899c58ada25f68274a1d9688dfe11abccf3cca5ee441cba2a57764903bf1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11:

Figure 12:

Figure 13:

Figure 14:

Figure 15:

PTE and PDL losses due to angular misalignment_
| Misalignment (°) | Loss in PTE (%) | Loss in PDL (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 15 | 24–34 | 24–34 |
| 30 | 56–59 | 56–59 |
| 60 | 74–81 | 74–81 |
| 90 | 95–97 | 95–97 |
EFM8BB52 microcontroller component current requirements [94]_
| Parameter | Symbol | Typ | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal mode at 80 kHz using low-frequency oscillator | INORMAL | 612 | µA |
| ADC supply current at full speed with 12-bit conversions | IADC | 250 | µA |
| External voltage reference input current | IEXTVREF | 5 | µA |
| Current for VDD divider when VDD used as VREF | IVDDRED | 16 | µA |