Figure 1:
![A. Cross-sectional view, B. Normal view. LIF surgery types and their relevant access points [1]. LIF, lumbar interbody fusion.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKOXFNUJ25%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T194256Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHoaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICKfZNQ07RAL4mk%2B7BtZFf0Oq%2FOKe5IHcX5gfkYMDSlVAiAcrPP7KGcVj5JDpWiKw2RkjC2A7nKO%2BkZFPun4VVB83iq9BQhDEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMBMS99A0nyFhIC9%2BcKpoFeTJz3RLbJDYTYKV8n7zmkwaIG970rFhBYVbn6EG1ubRDm7oZHcU6B%2B77z7sTACZIRyx5hPyd6L7SyHZOj896v1QXwB4b5ZfLyEMNWvbVjPLlkI6RrYyVYWa5r39Kekz1V6R9L03CIq99CSzzKReb%2Bftn6Jovzx7Gq7%2BimWR5vggH2TlQY1RQJ0NY46j4wPUmIP7U7Q0A7syZoCNWPT%2FlxR6fxM8%2Fvi8ZcfrGRH66%2F4UXE6FmejCfaInLO7hIjilO8kBogfLHZxZxuhq9lJIoUuPKtIxS96xcgCt32n8bi5rGMTmTMVEcHbGc6KFXT%2F7r8zCZrgBRmaD%2FIcMZCgCUthMOUZe2TWByp%2Bzfa%2FwIODbzwiRwXpYRvRDc5z0rR7GrkZg9QEi2hv57txu4UbSJc9jKd0VGg8OUgzfzxfc%2BNnc%2F4FQyLJiaUwTvIQ3O9AAY1lkdKDmj8oRWFhPSETg9OEU%2B3D1csrq6EQokaiOysrevEakgpuawaVqEYQn1dfbBldQG4iJKE7%2BUlaPVFKT8Z8JGnZRTM1szpdh%2FTQDTtH25hgxGBmV1DKCODpstddzsay7dMzTNyEdo9DhWs9lr8Ef%2FgxKCaVVlzZsJoI5CWTjM3BC4uIaVf3MRZWJRApCPZtWr85kbu0HGePDdpC3taIrd9ztIBncB6Kkx8D1qD1hX21MOPmicJSg4tU3R7fBk4kVehBGd95Kk1FVTQlO0AgCGRvsfCQsLW%2BfVTVSjc4dMK7NbSuFYuY0LFhCn00qeHqJIrVniBbecEHktV50TV%2FMeSK3AaUQdzVbC%2BNmAq5%2BrO5bdhDFW%2FGfgwFlQ5LezjsQ4SAGnBqAA8HZBNHNYDspwI4mrQ5Av97SCnd%2FM%2BXohik0UTOIF7X2wMI3W3ssGOrIB0CuUkdGGpajMl4yfIP9di2sBMuuyURSU%2BIJ7PisFETT6LdrP9d%2B9xlKHhyS%2FI6%2FSIQAMm5ov9CWAIGOD6cP1P5weGssLNmSuDV27uTBjcMVXOr4l1fLSKfzjD8ebQyxuGeDtQjjyyoUdhnxWxKXCFxeLrBaSAiKWav%2FHYTeOkVcao%2BdAKIFpktR6%2FtDKOm9GIaHbvWYUbqwZuj7uvkUiX0TkStaJ7DUHnMBuVPhRKibbXw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=201dd5c6d00b81d31d733a5d3fdd59dc06c8f52e786f08c062dcde93c9ffd0b8&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Vertical, horizontal, planar, and angular misalignment [113].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKOXFNUJ25%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T194256Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHoaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICKfZNQ07RAL4mk%2B7BtZFf0Oq%2FOKe5IHcX5gfkYMDSlVAiAcrPP7KGcVj5JDpWiKw2RkjC2A7nKO%2BkZFPun4VVB83iq9BQhDEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMBMS99A0nyFhIC9%2BcKpoFeTJz3RLbJDYTYKV8n7zmkwaIG970rFhBYVbn6EG1ubRDm7oZHcU6B%2B77z7sTACZIRyx5hPyd6L7SyHZOj896v1QXwB4b5ZfLyEMNWvbVjPLlkI6RrYyVYWa5r39Kekz1V6R9L03CIq99CSzzKReb%2Bftn6Jovzx7Gq7%2BimWR5vggH2TlQY1RQJ0NY46j4wPUmIP7U7Q0A7syZoCNWPT%2FlxR6fxM8%2Fvi8ZcfrGRH66%2F4UXE6FmejCfaInLO7hIjilO8kBogfLHZxZxuhq9lJIoUuPKtIxS96xcgCt32n8bi5rGMTmTMVEcHbGc6KFXT%2F7r8zCZrgBRmaD%2FIcMZCgCUthMOUZe2TWByp%2Bzfa%2FwIODbzwiRwXpYRvRDc5z0rR7GrkZg9QEi2hv57txu4UbSJc9jKd0VGg8OUgzfzxfc%2BNnc%2F4FQyLJiaUwTvIQ3O9AAY1lkdKDmj8oRWFhPSETg9OEU%2B3D1csrq6EQokaiOysrevEakgpuawaVqEYQn1dfbBldQG4iJKE7%2BUlaPVFKT8Z8JGnZRTM1szpdh%2FTQDTtH25hgxGBmV1DKCODpstddzsay7dMzTNyEdo9DhWs9lr8Ef%2FgxKCaVVlzZsJoI5CWTjM3BC4uIaVf3MRZWJRApCPZtWr85kbu0HGePDdpC3taIrd9ztIBncB6Kkx8D1qD1hX21MOPmicJSg4tU3R7fBk4kVehBGd95Kk1FVTQlO0AgCGRvsfCQsLW%2BfVTVSjc4dMK7NbSuFYuY0LFhCn00qeHqJIrVniBbecEHktV50TV%2FMeSK3AaUQdzVbC%2BNmAq5%2BrO5bdhDFW%2FGfgwFlQ5LezjsQ4SAGnBqAA8HZBNHNYDspwI4mrQ5Av97SCnd%2FM%2BXohik0UTOIF7X2wMI3W3ssGOrIB0CuUkdGGpajMl4yfIP9di2sBMuuyURSU%2BIJ7PisFETT6LdrP9d%2B9xlKHhyS%2FI6%2FSIQAMm5ov9CWAIGOD6cP1P5weGssLNmSuDV27uTBjcMVXOr4l1fLSKfzjD8ebQyxuGeDtQjjyyoUdhnxWxKXCFxeLrBaSAiKWav%2FHYTeOkVcao%2BdAKIFpktR6%2FtDKOm9GIaHbvWYUbqwZuj7uvkUiX0TkStaJ7DUHnMBuVPhRKibbXw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=a29b4743861b6785ca4c1030917eefa64202b40e7c6070a506c5a6ffbac5b510&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:
![Implant standalone version (left) and screwed version (right) [96].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKOXFNUJ25%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T194256Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHoaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICKfZNQ07RAL4mk%2B7BtZFf0Oq%2FOKe5IHcX5gfkYMDSlVAiAcrPP7KGcVj5JDpWiKw2RkjC2A7nKO%2BkZFPun4VVB83iq9BQhDEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMBMS99A0nyFhIC9%2BcKpoFeTJz3RLbJDYTYKV8n7zmkwaIG970rFhBYVbn6EG1ubRDm7oZHcU6B%2B77z7sTACZIRyx5hPyd6L7SyHZOj896v1QXwB4b5ZfLyEMNWvbVjPLlkI6RrYyVYWa5r39Kekz1V6R9L03CIq99CSzzKReb%2Bftn6Jovzx7Gq7%2BimWR5vggH2TlQY1RQJ0NY46j4wPUmIP7U7Q0A7syZoCNWPT%2FlxR6fxM8%2Fvi8ZcfrGRH66%2F4UXE6FmejCfaInLO7hIjilO8kBogfLHZxZxuhq9lJIoUuPKtIxS96xcgCt32n8bi5rGMTmTMVEcHbGc6KFXT%2F7r8zCZrgBRmaD%2FIcMZCgCUthMOUZe2TWByp%2Bzfa%2FwIODbzwiRwXpYRvRDc5z0rR7GrkZg9QEi2hv57txu4UbSJc9jKd0VGg8OUgzfzxfc%2BNnc%2F4FQyLJiaUwTvIQ3O9AAY1lkdKDmj8oRWFhPSETg9OEU%2B3D1csrq6EQokaiOysrevEakgpuawaVqEYQn1dfbBldQG4iJKE7%2BUlaPVFKT8Z8JGnZRTM1szpdh%2FTQDTtH25hgxGBmV1DKCODpstddzsay7dMzTNyEdo9DhWs9lr8Ef%2FgxKCaVVlzZsJoI5CWTjM3BC4uIaVf3MRZWJRApCPZtWr85kbu0HGePDdpC3taIrd9ztIBncB6Kkx8D1qD1hX21MOPmicJSg4tU3R7fBk4kVehBGd95Kk1FVTQlO0AgCGRvsfCQsLW%2BfVTVSjc4dMK7NbSuFYuY0LFhCn00qeHqJIrVniBbecEHktV50TV%2FMeSK3AaUQdzVbC%2BNmAq5%2BrO5bdhDFW%2FGfgwFlQ5LezjsQ4SAGnBqAA8HZBNHNYDspwI4mrQ5Av97SCnd%2FM%2BXohik0UTOIF7X2wMI3W3ssGOrIB0CuUkdGGpajMl4yfIP9di2sBMuuyURSU%2BIJ7PisFETT6LdrP9d%2B9xlKHhyS%2FI6%2FSIQAMm5ov9CWAIGOD6cP1P5weGssLNmSuDV27uTBjcMVXOr4l1fLSKfzjD8ebQyxuGeDtQjjyyoUdhnxWxKXCFxeLrBaSAiKWav%2FHYTeOkVcao%2BdAKIFpktR6%2FtDKOm9GIaHbvWYUbqwZuj7uvkUiX0TkStaJ7DUHnMBuVPhRKibbXw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=d8b174034c01a58bdb13b01bc6be164c316c32e85913812e948b29e75e7c849d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6:

Figure 7:

Figure 8:

Figure 9:

Figure 10:
![X-ray of a natural spine [119], kyphosis [118], and lordosis [117].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKOXFNUJ25%2F20260126%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260126T194256Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEHoaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICKfZNQ07RAL4mk%2B7BtZFf0Oq%2FOKe5IHcX5gfkYMDSlVAiAcrPP7KGcVj5JDpWiKw2RkjC2A7nKO%2BkZFPun4VVB83iq9BQhDEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMBMS99A0nyFhIC9%2BcKpoFeTJz3RLbJDYTYKV8n7zmkwaIG970rFhBYVbn6EG1ubRDm7oZHcU6B%2B77z7sTACZIRyx5hPyd6L7SyHZOj896v1QXwB4b5ZfLyEMNWvbVjPLlkI6RrYyVYWa5r39Kekz1V6R9L03CIq99CSzzKReb%2Bftn6Jovzx7Gq7%2BimWR5vggH2TlQY1RQJ0NY46j4wPUmIP7U7Q0A7syZoCNWPT%2FlxR6fxM8%2Fvi8ZcfrGRH66%2F4UXE6FmejCfaInLO7hIjilO8kBogfLHZxZxuhq9lJIoUuPKtIxS96xcgCt32n8bi5rGMTmTMVEcHbGc6KFXT%2F7r8zCZrgBRmaD%2FIcMZCgCUthMOUZe2TWByp%2Bzfa%2FwIODbzwiRwXpYRvRDc5z0rR7GrkZg9QEi2hv57txu4UbSJc9jKd0VGg8OUgzfzxfc%2BNnc%2F4FQyLJiaUwTvIQ3O9AAY1lkdKDmj8oRWFhPSETg9OEU%2B3D1csrq6EQokaiOysrevEakgpuawaVqEYQn1dfbBldQG4iJKE7%2BUlaPVFKT8Z8JGnZRTM1szpdh%2FTQDTtH25hgxGBmV1DKCODpstddzsay7dMzTNyEdo9DhWs9lr8Ef%2FgxKCaVVlzZsJoI5CWTjM3BC4uIaVf3MRZWJRApCPZtWr85kbu0HGePDdpC3taIrd9ztIBncB6Kkx8D1qD1hX21MOPmicJSg4tU3R7fBk4kVehBGd95Kk1FVTQlO0AgCGRvsfCQsLW%2BfVTVSjc4dMK7NbSuFYuY0LFhCn00qeHqJIrVniBbecEHktV50TV%2FMeSK3AaUQdzVbC%2BNmAq5%2BrO5bdhDFW%2FGfgwFlQ5LezjsQ4SAGnBqAA8HZBNHNYDspwI4mrQ5Av97SCnd%2FM%2BXohik0UTOIF7X2wMI3W3ssGOrIB0CuUkdGGpajMl4yfIP9di2sBMuuyURSU%2BIJ7PisFETT6LdrP9d%2B9xlKHhyS%2FI6%2FSIQAMm5ov9CWAIGOD6cP1P5weGssLNmSuDV27uTBjcMVXOr4l1fLSKfzjD8ebQyxuGeDtQjjyyoUdhnxWxKXCFxeLrBaSAiKWav%2FHYTeOkVcao%2BdAKIFpktR6%2FtDKOm9GIaHbvWYUbqwZuj7uvkUiX0TkStaJ7DUHnMBuVPhRKibbXw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=33b8864d85e4000c2c8ebde2a7816e0976e33f22799ad9ccfb0ffd66c62c4401&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11:

Figure 12:

Figure 13:

Figure 14:

Figure 15:

PTE and PDL losses due to angular misalignment_
| Misalignment (°) | Loss in PTE (%) | Loss in PDL (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 15 | 24–34 | 24–34 |
| 30 | 56–59 | 56–59 |
| 60 | 74–81 | 74–81 |
| 90 | 95–97 | 95–97 |
EFM8BB52 microcontroller component current requirements [94]_
| Parameter | Symbol | Typ | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal mode at 80 kHz using low-frequency oscillator | INORMAL | 612 | µA |
| ADC supply current at full speed with 12-bit conversions | IADC | 250 | µA |
| External voltage reference input current | IEXTVREF | 5 | µA |
| Current for VDD divider when VDD used as VREF | IVDDRED | 16 | µA |