Figure 1:
![A. Cross-sectional view, B. Normal view. LIF surgery types and their relevant access points [1]. LIF, lumbar interbody fusion.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCYGKWYX3%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T153056Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDIeHKU8AQjTxHxyyNdGEu3r7QG%2FpKNZmITJQ1DTH6DagIgUjk89vvt53pGFLgdSL0uJk2naLmcTk71UfNA9RNqr0YquwUIHxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDG2eHYYG3%2B%2BoLVQXgSqYBZow8JkG67to7uJK7NeqGKFtaPqlMVb%2F5aKd2xKbRaw2GwJ%2B6be0Y%2BW6zMT09u0g6lyfwolaYJQqSvM0w1AhbNoL8jpYiuSIHscGb3zygBSkhEOrpWTjgK0IQA0IsLRbqKerQukU6Kehtm1qe7S8%2FGv34XQOdvUKgn1CPWR%2Bob1qL0mjJHn2TKfn3RnthMPsd5%2FAyxRO9dogPfK58yocVZSne1ec3u64Eu0cGdbcdp2gMzti%2F9HP9T5JiZnOuECiiPacOviV2TARrT81qSti0nJJ7EDLOzj7xXa1RarDX0akRcLZcYgOl3qJIB1o9Do4sq070LQ1%2FfXOsVmIJ4Zl8OZf%2F0cim1yCxK1sY5WuWP5iVZ6cGUkDKiwVNv5ifpX3HY%2Fbrl5wIy2TnmaA6F%2BObwUqYqHkMLgaepOjJxdFrKZLBkgl3z6E9hOkvgNAaBzvVYk1z1EG92YC2fV%2Bl1ErDd%2FaHLg%2FDZcHvQ9K175tYw0yVsfeutM6qjIL4jc30B6p0hr9LgWOKodrnz2qEuGj335g1I39gcXJn2KwnO8qcNEx6rs%2BjOrBUAFVjxNliNsE%2BkdwlX57a%2F%2BxqlkzIC87FEdj3%2FiGibBOzVDcwit7%2FmOJjIvVnd5UPlFG8sFv2kWV6tpc8mmH3qI5rw%2F3HSGDV1tYszH1DncUKMPaJ0GKUME0%2FtfGypxoM8fNcUGNp9P04boytWF6SxvMojaJOhSy%2FcMc2gwBSn%2BW%2BTK7RtrMDOki4GhVAcOXUvlFIZkY8csWA%2FranatnPTB%2FgyYglrPL8Wg35o4%2BFRZco51Sm%2F%2BWwKUGvRuKWas8GY8zTv19F6QdzETK%2FTl2SylXHlaOSdPKLcnZAy9i9CjRMi0RlxKEm2iI1ssnGE041lkwivrvzQY6sQHolc39jNcCZIBhVDbq5JgGnP2zsWpe%2FQgPw1jxsyHwG%2FvzX8uLq3UJoOLb6Y7Rv0Bbw6uiwIOud49MVfP4QCxcn3r1YAtniQBVwQvtj%2BtKu1guQzyVJwFoQjWJyyoQtgLYOOdhXc9pmGgplt5vKVZ8Q81iBCeQ7v3iUZLwl9XSi0LrfXGrWUH%2BvHa%2B1DyNZPEpynP0zN7rI%2BpSZifZ1GTnzovn5EcORSS7gWXhGexdaQI%3D&X-Amz-Signature=0d995a19c376ddedcd0cd4799ee2b10e123b75b8c0f4e5167eb7c4d44d346517&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Vertical, horizontal, planar, and angular misalignment [113].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCYGKWYX3%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T153056Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDIeHKU8AQjTxHxyyNdGEu3r7QG%2FpKNZmITJQ1DTH6DagIgUjk89vvt53pGFLgdSL0uJk2naLmcTk71UfNA9RNqr0YquwUIHxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDG2eHYYG3%2B%2BoLVQXgSqYBZow8JkG67to7uJK7NeqGKFtaPqlMVb%2F5aKd2xKbRaw2GwJ%2B6be0Y%2BW6zMT09u0g6lyfwolaYJQqSvM0w1AhbNoL8jpYiuSIHscGb3zygBSkhEOrpWTjgK0IQA0IsLRbqKerQukU6Kehtm1qe7S8%2FGv34XQOdvUKgn1CPWR%2Bob1qL0mjJHn2TKfn3RnthMPsd5%2FAyxRO9dogPfK58yocVZSne1ec3u64Eu0cGdbcdp2gMzti%2F9HP9T5JiZnOuECiiPacOviV2TARrT81qSti0nJJ7EDLOzj7xXa1RarDX0akRcLZcYgOl3qJIB1o9Do4sq070LQ1%2FfXOsVmIJ4Zl8OZf%2F0cim1yCxK1sY5WuWP5iVZ6cGUkDKiwVNv5ifpX3HY%2Fbrl5wIy2TnmaA6F%2BObwUqYqHkMLgaepOjJxdFrKZLBkgl3z6E9hOkvgNAaBzvVYk1z1EG92YC2fV%2Bl1ErDd%2FaHLg%2FDZcHvQ9K175tYw0yVsfeutM6qjIL4jc30B6p0hr9LgWOKodrnz2qEuGj335g1I39gcXJn2KwnO8qcNEx6rs%2BjOrBUAFVjxNliNsE%2BkdwlX57a%2F%2BxqlkzIC87FEdj3%2FiGibBOzVDcwit7%2FmOJjIvVnd5UPlFG8sFv2kWV6tpc8mmH3qI5rw%2F3HSGDV1tYszH1DncUKMPaJ0GKUME0%2FtfGypxoM8fNcUGNp9P04boytWF6SxvMojaJOhSy%2FcMc2gwBSn%2BW%2BTK7RtrMDOki4GhVAcOXUvlFIZkY8csWA%2FranatnPTB%2FgyYglrPL8Wg35o4%2BFRZco51Sm%2F%2BWwKUGvRuKWas8GY8zTv19F6QdzETK%2FTl2SylXHlaOSdPKLcnZAy9i9CjRMi0RlxKEm2iI1ssnGE041lkwivrvzQY6sQHolc39jNcCZIBhVDbq5JgGnP2zsWpe%2FQgPw1jxsyHwG%2FvzX8uLq3UJoOLb6Y7Rv0Bbw6uiwIOud49MVfP4QCxcn3r1YAtniQBVwQvtj%2BtKu1guQzyVJwFoQjWJyyoQtgLYOOdhXc9pmGgplt5vKVZ8Q81iBCeQ7v3iUZLwl9XSi0LrfXGrWUH%2BvHa%2B1DyNZPEpynP0zN7rI%2BpSZifZ1GTnzovn5EcORSS7gWXhGexdaQI%3D&X-Amz-Signature=70f432f03f2763c6225d8ae2b83cee075277425e517bd8938b05a4df6dec4763&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:

Figure 4:

Figure 5:
![Implant standalone version (left) and screwed version (right) [96].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCYGKWYX3%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T153056Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDIeHKU8AQjTxHxyyNdGEu3r7QG%2FpKNZmITJQ1DTH6DagIgUjk89vvt53pGFLgdSL0uJk2naLmcTk71UfNA9RNqr0YquwUIHxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDG2eHYYG3%2B%2BoLVQXgSqYBZow8JkG67to7uJK7NeqGKFtaPqlMVb%2F5aKd2xKbRaw2GwJ%2B6be0Y%2BW6zMT09u0g6lyfwolaYJQqSvM0w1AhbNoL8jpYiuSIHscGb3zygBSkhEOrpWTjgK0IQA0IsLRbqKerQukU6Kehtm1qe7S8%2FGv34XQOdvUKgn1CPWR%2Bob1qL0mjJHn2TKfn3RnthMPsd5%2FAyxRO9dogPfK58yocVZSne1ec3u64Eu0cGdbcdp2gMzti%2F9HP9T5JiZnOuECiiPacOviV2TARrT81qSti0nJJ7EDLOzj7xXa1RarDX0akRcLZcYgOl3qJIB1o9Do4sq070LQ1%2FfXOsVmIJ4Zl8OZf%2F0cim1yCxK1sY5WuWP5iVZ6cGUkDKiwVNv5ifpX3HY%2Fbrl5wIy2TnmaA6F%2BObwUqYqHkMLgaepOjJxdFrKZLBkgl3z6E9hOkvgNAaBzvVYk1z1EG92YC2fV%2Bl1ErDd%2FaHLg%2FDZcHvQ9K175tYw0yVsfeutM6qjIL4jc30B6p0hr9LgWOKodrnz2qEuGj335g1I39gcXJn2KwnO8qcNEx6rs%2BjOrBUAFVjxNliNsE%2BkdwlX57a%2F%2BxqlkzIC87FEdj3%2FiGibBOzVDcwit7%2FmOJjIvVnd5UPlFG8sFv2kWV6tpc8mmH3qI5rw%2F3HSGDV1tYszH1DncUKMPaJ0GKUME0%2FtfGypxoM8fNcUGNp9P04boytWF6SxvMojaJOhSy%2FcMc2gwBSn%2BW%2BTK7RtrMDOki4GhVAcOXUvlFIZkY8csWA%2FranatnPTB%2FgyYglrPL8Wg35o4%2BFRZco51Sm%2F%2BWwKUGvRuKWas8GY8zTv19F6QdzETK%2FTl2SylXHlaOSdPKLcnZAy9i9CjRMi0RlxKEm2iI1ssnGE041lkwivrvzQY6sQHolc39jNcCZIBhVDbq5JgGnP2zsWpe%2FQgPw1jxsyHwG%2FvzX8uLq3UJoOLb6Y7Rv0Bbw6uiwIOud49MVfP4QCxcn3r1YAtniQBVwQvtj%2BtKu1guQzyVJwFoQjWJyyoQtgLYOOdhXc9pmGgplt5vKVZ8Q81iBCeQ7v3iUZLwl9XSi0LrfXGrWUH%2BvHa%2B1DyNZPEpynP0zN7rI%2BpSZifZ1GTnzovn5EcORSS7gWXhGexdaQI%3D&X-Amz-Signature=4180ec051c9615a6155ae5cb62d7fbdde9c27000b4a8864a8d4a75ec69bb6883&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6:

Figure 7:

Figure 8:

Figure 9:

Figure 10:
![X-ray of a natural spine [119], kyphosis [118], and lordosis [117].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/65ccbc5b3bc2d770e76b839c/j_ijssis-2024-0028_fig_010.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCYGKWYX3%2F20260319%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260319T153056Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFYaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQDIeHKU8AQjTxHxyyNdGEu3r7QG%2FpKNZmITJQ1DTH6DagIgUjk89vvt53pGFLgdSL0uJk2naLmcTk71UfNA9RNqr0YquwUIHxACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDG2eHYYG3%2B%2BoLVQXgSqYBZow8JkG67to7uJK7NeqGKFtaPqlMVb%2F5aKd2xKbRaw2GwJ%2B6be0Y%2BW6zMT09u0g6lyfwolaYJQqSvM0w1AhbNoL8jpYiuSIHscGb3zygBSkhEOrpWTjgK0IQA0IsLRbqKerQukU6Kehtm1qe7S8%2FGv34XQOdvUKgn1CPWR%2Bob1qL0mjJHn2TKfn3RnthMPsd5%2FAyxRO9dogPfK58yocVZSne1ec3u64Eu0cGdbcdp2gMzti%2F9HP9T5JiZnOuECiiPacOviV2TARrT81qSti0nJJ7EDLOzj7xXa1RarDX0akRcLZcYgOl3qJIB1o9Do4sq070LQ1%2FfXOsVmIJ4Zl8OZf%2F0cim1yCxK1sY5WuWP5iVZ6cGUkDKiwVNv5ifpX3HY%2Fbrl5wIy2TnmaA6F%2BObwUqYqHkMLgaepOjJxdFrKZLBkgl3z6E9hOkvgNAaBzvVYk1z1EG92YC2fV%2Bl1ErDd%2FaHLg%2FDZcHvQ9K175tYw0yVsfeutM6qjIL4jc30B6p0hr9LgWOKodrnz2qEuGj335g1I39gcXJn2KwnO8qcNEx6rs%2BjOrBUAFVjxNliNsE%2BkdwlX57a%2F%2BxqlkzIC87FEdj3%2FiGibBOzVDcwit7%2FmOJjIvVnd5UPlFG8sFv2kWV6tpc8mmH3qI5rw%2F3HSGDV1tYszH1DncUKMPaJ0GKUME0%2FtfGypxoM8fNcUGNp9P04boytWF6SxvMojaJOhSy%2FcMc2gwBSn%2BW%2BTK7RtrMDOki4GhVAcOXUvlFIZkY8csWA%2FranatnPTB%2FgyYglrPL8Wg35o4%2BFRZco51Sm%2F%2BWwKUGvRuKWas8GY8zTv19F6QdzETK%2FTl2SylXHlaOSdPKLcnZAy9i9CjRMi0RlxKEm2iI1ssnGE041lkwivrvzQY6sQHolc39jNcCZIBhVDbq5JgGnP2zsWpe%2FQgPw1jxsyHwG%2FvzX8uLq3UJoOLb6Y7Rv0Bbw6uiwIOud49MVfP4QCxcn3r1YAtniQBVwQvtj%2BtKu1guQzyVJwFoQjWJyyoQtgLYOOdhXc9pmGgplt5vKVZ8Q81iBCeQ7v3iUZLwl9XSi0LrfXGrWUH%2BvHa%2B1DyNZPEpynP0zN7rI%2BpSZifZ1GTnzovn5EcORSS7gWXhGexdaQI%3D&X-Amz-Signature=fb131e65816fd1d3fa63360d546ca3877c4d4811c2bb168787696e7a4e639a0c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 11:

Figure 12:

Figure 13:

Figure 14:

Figure 15:

PTE and PDL losses due to angular misalignment_
| Misalignment (°) | Loss in PTE (%) | Loss in PDL (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 15 | 24–34 | 24–34 |
| 30 | 56–59 | 56–59 |
| 60 | 74–81 | 74–81 |
| 90 | 95–97 | 95–97 |
EFM8BB52 microcontroller component current requirements [94]_
| Parameter | Symbol | Typ | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal mode at 80 kHz using low-frequency oscillator | INORMAL | 612 | µA |
| ADC supply current at full speed with 12-bit conversions | IADC | 250 | µA |
| External voltage reference input current | IEXTVREF | 5 | µA |
| Current for VDD divider when VDD used as VREF | IVDDRED | 16 | µA |