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Income inequalities and attitudes toward them in rural and urban areas in Poland during 1988–2019 Cover

Income inequalities and attitudes toward them in rural and urban areas in Poland during 1988–2019

Open Access
|Apr 2026

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Gini coefficient for Poland during 1986–2021.

Figure 2

Differences in income in Poland are too large. Data for 1998–2018. Note: 1988–2003 – Polish Panel Survey [“Dane i dokumentacja – Polskie Badanie Panelowe POLPAN”], 2015–2018 – GUS survey (GUS, 2018).

Figure 3

How serious are conflicts between rich and poor?.

Figure 4

State should decrease inequality.

Figure 5

Is large income difference necessary for prosperity?.

Figure 6

Distributions of respondent’s answers to the question: “Do you agree with the statement that the upper income limit should be set?”

Figure 7

Income inequalities in households per capita measured by Gini coefficient in Poland by type of area during 2004–2021.

Figure 8

State should decrease income inequalities: Agree and strongly agree – by size locality during 1988–2018.

Figure 9

There should be a set upper-income limit: agree and strongly agree – by the size of locality during 1988–2018.

Figure 10

Large income inequalities are necessary for prosperity: disagree and strongly disagree – by the size of locality during 1988–2018.

Figure 11

Income inequalities are too large: agree and strongly agree – by the size of locality during 1988–2003.

Figure 12

Conflicts between the rich and poor are serious or very serious – by the size of location during 1988–2018.

Size of the locality as a grouping variable – K–W test for variables related to attitudes to inequality_

Asymptotic significance, test K–WIncome differences are too large (p-value, K–W test)Conflicts between rich and poor (p-value, K–W test)State should decrease inequality (p-value, K–W test)Income differences are necessary (p-value, K–W test)The legal limit on the highest monthly income (p-value, K–W test)
19880.9680.6630.8610.929<0.001
19930.0060.1670.0270.932<0.001
1998<0.0010.971<0.001<0.001<0.001
20030.150.025<0.0010.019<0.001
2008n/a0.615<0.001n/an/a
2013n/a<0.0010.0010.3340.02
2018n/a0.0010.0050.094<0.001

Average monthly disposable income per capita (in PLN) by category of locality in Poland in 2006 and 2019_

Average monthly disposable income per capita (in PLN)Changes during 2006–2019 (in %)
20062019
Total834.681819.14217.94%
Urban total943.901991.08210.94%
Urban less than 20,000770.021745.91226.74%
Urban 20,000–100,000845.161836.36217.28%
Urban 100,000–200,000863.171912.26221.54%
Urban 200,000–500,0001026.842089.25203.46%
Urban 500,000 and more1276.052480.88194.42%
Rural659.291551.17235.28%
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2026-0002 | Journal eISSN: 2543-5361 | Journal ISSN: 2299-9701
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 13
Submitted on: Aug 31, 2023
Accepted on: Dec 21, 2024
Published on: Apr 8, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2026 Urszula Markowska-Przybyła, published by Warsaw School of Economics
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.